Financial Decision Making In Easyjet Uk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2508 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Easyjet is a U.K based low-cost airline offering services on 500 routes between 118 European, West Asian and North African airports using fleet size of 182 aircrafts. Unlike its biggest competitor Raynair, Easyjet uses primary airports to operate its services in off-peak time to avoid high airport fees. In 2007/08, despite the economic downturn and high fuel prices the company managed to increase its revenue as compared to last year with an increase load factor of about 85%. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Decision Making In Easyjet Uk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order However the company failed to increase its profit margin for the share holders in 2008. While writing this report I find out the following key findings about the financial position of the company in 2008. The company is not facing any liquidity problems, possessing a strong cash position and ample amount of short term investments. The gearing level of company is relatively lower than Ryanair; due to this low leverage level it has the advantage over Ryanair to raise the external fiancà © easily in future if needed. The company has increased its efficiency to utilize the resources more effectively as compared to last year in 2007 but still lag behind Ryanair in overall efficiency to utilize the company recourses i.e. debtor and creditor days. In 2008 profitability remained the main problem of the company with low profit margins and Low ROCE in comparison with the previous year and with its main rival, Ryanair. Recommendations The main reason for low Profit margin of the Easyjet in 2008 was the inefficient management of the controllable costs. If the company wants to enjoy high profit margin in future, it has to cut down all the controllable direct and indirect expenses by reviewing its current cost control strategy. Introduction ThiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ report ÃÆ' Ã‚ °ttemÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬tÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ ÃÆ'‘ ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °re ÃÆ' Ã‚ °nd ÃÆ'‘ ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ntrÃÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢t the finÃÆ' Ã‚ °nÃÆ'‘ iÃÆ' Ã‚ °l ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬erfÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rmÃÆ' Ã‚ °nÃÆ'‘ e ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f RyÃÆ' Ã‚ °nÃÆ' Ã‚ °ir ÃÆ' Ã‚ °nd EÃÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢yjet and will ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬reÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °re ÃÆ' Ã‚ °n ÃÆ' Ã‚ °nÃÆ' Ã‚ °lyÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f the finÃÆ' Ã‚ °nÃÆ'‘ iÃÆ' Ã‚ °l ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬erfÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rmÃÆ' Ã‚ °nÃÆ'‘ e ÃÆ' Ã‚ °nd ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢itiÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ ‚ ¾f EÃÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢yjet ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬lÃÆ'‘  in ÃÆ'‘ ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °riÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n with thÃÆ' Ã‚ °t ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f RyÃÆ' Ã‚ °nÃÆ' Ã‚ °ir holdings. BÃÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ'‘ ÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °lly, thiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ iÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °n ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢trÃÆ' Ã‚ °tegiÃÆ'‘  ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬erfÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rmÃÆ' Ã‚ °nÃÆ'‘ e ÃÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬rÃÆ' Ã‚ °iÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °l uÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ing ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡.ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾.R.E ÃÆ' Ã‚ °nÃÆ' Ã‚ °lyÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. ThiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬er will be concluded with ÃÆ'â €˜Ã‚ ertÃÆ' Ã‚ °in reÃÆ'‘ ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mmendÃÆ' Ã‚ °tiÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ EÃÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢yjet. Context : Since the aviation deregulation came into force in 1990s, the two lower cost carriers Easyjet and Ryanair emerged into pierce competition with each other. Before the deregulation, these low-cost careers were in competition with their peers but then because of the increasing pricing war, they had started competing with rails and trains as well. Lets conduct a brief PEST analysis in order to understand the nature and competition level in this Low-cost carrier business. Mainly the two suppliers i.e. Air bus and Boeing, supply air-crafts to airline industry thus the competition between these two allows low-cost airlines to get low prices and reliable services. Airport is another supplier to the airlines; To avoid high fee charges, Ryaniar usually operates on regional airports closer to metropolitan areas with low bargaining powers where as Easyjet uses major airports but fly at off-peak time to avoid high fee charges of the airport. The bargaining power of the customer is high, to attr act customers the Low cost Airlines offer low prices with the use of web technology which is cheap and easier way for the customer to buy or exchange the flights with no extra costs. Due to capital-intensive nature of the industry and the presence of key players, possibility of new the entrant is usually very low in aviation industry. The threat of a substitute is high; with the emergence of new and fast rail connections with low fare throughout the Europe might pose a threat to lower-cost airlines in future. The competition among rivals in this field is particularly strong. A price war is a routine activity in this business to attract customers by sacrificing its profit margin but keeping the price lower to attract the customers. Easyjet has rapidly expanded since its establishment in 1995. Due to acquisition and base expansion, Easyjet has become the 2nd largest low-cost airline in U.K behind Ryanair with 184 aircrafts and having 20 bases throughout the Europe. In fact the E asyjet business model is based on the original low-cost carrier model (see appendix A),except that Easyjet has stretched the model further by introducing no-frill concept( no free food and refreshment during the flight), and unlike other low-cost airlines it uses primary airports for its flights operations. The financial year 2007/08 of Easyjet was effected by its acquisition of GB Airways worth 103.5 M in which  £11.5M was held in escrow as a security in that year while on the other side the fuel prices were increased from $643 in 2007 to $1070/metric ton. Overview: In this section we are going to summarize the financial statements of Easyjet to have a quick idea about how the company had been doing financially in the two year i.e. 2007 and 2008 while detailed financial statements for Ryanair are given in appendix C for more information. INCOME STATEMENT: EASYJET 2007  £M 2008  £M Sales/Revenue 1,797.2 2362.8 Cost of sales/revenue 1,529.2 2,148.4 Gross income 268 178.4 operating expenses 96.9 87.5 EBIT (Operating Profit) 171.1 90.9 After-Tax Income 152.3 83.2 EPS Basic 36.62 19.80 EPS Diluted 35.58 19.41 Balance sheet: Easy jet 2007  £(M) 2008  £(M) Current asset Cash and short term investment 942.8 982.3 Account receivable 193.4 187.2 Inventories Other current assets 30.2 245.5 Total current assets 1,166.4 1,415 Net current assets 545.1 505.2 Non-Current assets Property, plant equip 935.8 1102.6 Total investments and advances 33.2 64.2 Long term note receivable 65.5 66.2 Intangible assets 311.4 440.4 Other assets 3.70 6.9 Total non-current assets 1,349.6 1,680.3 Total Assets 2,516 3,095.3 Net Assets 1152.4 1278.2 Current Liabilities Short and portion of long-term debt 40.50 56.70 Account payable 39.60 77.50 Income Tax payable 89.70 75.10 Other current liabilities 451.5 700.5 Total current liabilities 621.3 909.8 Non-current liabilities Long term debts 478.6 570.2 Provision for risk and charges 136.0 160.4 Deferred Taxes 34.60 107.6 Other liabilities 93.10 69.10 Total non-current liabilities 742.3 907.3 Total liabilities 1,363.6 1,817.1 Total Equity 1,152.4 1,278.2 Total liability and share holder equity 2,516 3,095.3 If we look at the above income statement of Easyjet, the 1st thing we will notice is the increase in Total revenue of the company from  £1,797.2 in 2007 to  £2,362, in 2008 giving 31% rise in the figure, which is possibly contributed by GB airway acquired by Easyjet in 2008 as mentioned above. But down further in the income statement the net profit of the year 2008 has dropped to  £83.2M from  £152.3M in the year 2007 giving 45% fall in the net income for 2008 despite the high revenue. In fact this increase in total revenue is devoted to the cost of revenue which can be seen in the income statement, only the fuel charges has increased by 66% excluding all the other expenses. The increase in non- current assets (specially the intangible assets that are increased by 41.42% in 2008) can also be seen on the balance sheet along with a noticeable increase in the current and non-current liabilities. Overall the balance sheet is looking very stable and strong with solid cash and ca sh equivalent assets and a significant increase in total equity and liabilities (23% increased). It means that the business is still in the position to attract creditors and investors. Ratios: The ratios I have selected here to analyse the financial situation of the two companies in year 2007/2008 may not be enough to draw an absolute financial picture for both the companies, however I believe that these are the most common ratios used normally in Financial related decision.(Detail ratio given in appendix B) EFFICIENCY RATIOS Easyjet Ryanair 2008 2007 2008 2007 Creditor days Debtor days Asset Turnover Sales revenue per employee Turnover per aircraft 18.4 28.9 0.84 0.386 14.32M 9.45 39.2 0.77 0.316 13.11M 23.61 days 6.68 days 0.45 0.41M 13.31M 12 days 6.16 0.43 0.44M 13.45M Gearing Ratios Easyjet Ryanair 2008 2007 2008 2007 Gearing Ratio Interest Covering Ratio 30.84% 2.6 29.34% 4.83 43.1% 5.52 39.85% 5.68 LIQUIDITY RATIOS Easyjet Ryanair 2008 2007 2008 2007 Current Ratio Cash Ratio 1.55 1.07 1.87 1.5 1.53 1.3 2.1 2 PROFITABILITY RATIOS Easyjet Ryanair 2008 2007 2008 2007 Gross Profit Margin Operating Profit Margin ROCE 7.55% 3.84% 4.91% 14.91% 9.52% 10.4% 26.36% 19.79% 12.1% 25.77% 21.07% 11.6% Please note that all the values used for Ryanair has been converted to  £ using exchange rate 0.8 as was instructed. Evaluation The trade creditor days ratio of Easyjet shows an increase of about three days only, in 2008(13 Days) as compared to last year i.e. 2007(9.45 Days) but shows a significant improvement in debtor days on the other hand, that has decreased from 39.2 in 2007 to 28.9 Days in 2008. Here Easyjet shows a better efficiency as compared to its last year, but in comparison with Ryanair it is still far behind. Ryanair has creditors day increased (23.61 Days in 2008) by double of the last year (12 Day in 2007) while debtor days is almost the same as last year i.e. 6.50 days on average. As a whole, the efficiency of Easyjet in terms of debts and credits has improved by reducing the debtor days as the company has more trade receivable than the amount of trade payable. By scrutinizing the efficiency for both the companies further, we will notice that the sales revenue per employee ratio of Ryanair is higher than Easyjet, but Easyjet scores on Ryanair in turnover/aircraft; it is because of the ne w aircrafts in the fleet and higher load factor in 2008. The asset turnover ratio of Easyjet shows an increase from 0.77 in 2007 to .84 in 2008, reflects the better utilization of assets in operating the company to generate the revenue as compared to the asset turnover ratio of Ryanair which is .45 in 2008, raised up from .43 in 2007. By studying the overall asset turnover ratio of both the companies, Ryanairs asset turnover is more stable and consistent as compared to Easyjet. Financing analysis The capital structure of Easyjet is not highly geared but mostly dependent on the contribution from its shareholders however, the long term liability or borrowings in the balance sheet is up for 2008 as compared to 2007 as a result the gearing ratio for Easyjet is increased to 30.84% in 2008 from 29.34% in 2007. It is definitely because of the acquisition of GB airways as the cash was used, therefore they needed long-term debt to cover the other expenses. The gearing ratio for Ryanair holdings has been increased significantly from 39.85% in 2007 to 43.1% in 2008. The Inertest covering ratio of Easyjet has decreased from 4.83 in 2007 to 2.6 in 2008, one reason of this is because of the low operating profit and the other reason is the increase in long term debts but still the strong cash position, short term investments and low gearing ratio, Easyjet has net interest income of 17.3M in 2007 and 21.1M in 2008 which make it easy for it to pay the interest on the long-term borrowings . On the other hand Ryanair has net interest expense of 18.9M in 2008 and 20.8M in 2007 as a result the Ryanair has to pay more interest out of its profit as compared to Easyjet. Liquidity Analysis The current ratio of Easyjet in 2007 was 1.87 that has been reduced to 1.55 in 2008, this is because the increase in current liabilities of the company, although the total current assets of the company have increased by 21% but the total current liabilities has increase by 46% in 2008. The current maintence provision is increased from 2.8M to 49 M in 2008 where as the trade payable has increased from 39.6M to 77.5 M in 2008. On the other hand the current ratio of Ryanair has dropped from 2.1 in 2007 to 1.53 in 2008; it is because the increase in current liabilities by almost 40% but only 1.3% increases in current total assets. In case of liquidity Easyjet scores on Ryanair. Profitability Analysis The gross profit margin which highlights the trading performance of a company has declined from 14.9% in 2007 to 7.55% in 2008 indicating a significant increase in cost of revenue of Easyjet plc. In case of Ryanair, the same ratio shows an increase from 25.77 in previous year to 26.36 in 2008. The Operating profit margin of Easyjet shows a decline from 9.52% in 2007 to 3.84% in 2008 although the operation cost seems to be less in 2008 as compared to that in 2007. This decline in operating profit margin is actually the result of a heavy fall in gross profit of the company in 2008. Operating profit margin, being one of the functional components (other one is Asset turn over) of ROCE, the reduction in this has also reduced the overall ROCE of Easyjet from 10.4% in 2007 to 4.91% in 2008. This decline in ROCE is really an alarming signal for the companys profitability as it indicates the return on long-term capital employed by investors. Such a reduction in this figure is quite en ough to scare off the investors. One the other hand again the ROCE of Ryanair has increased by almost 1%. From the discussion so far it is clear that a significant part of revenue has been dedicated by Easyjet to meet its direct and indirect operating expenses. Adrian (2009) shows in the following table, how both of the no-frill companies (Ryanair and Easyjet) carry out their costs in 2008. Easyjet Ryanair Difference March 2008 March 2008 Operating Expenses Staff 6.60 4.48 2.12 Aircraft ownership 7.32 4.79 2.53 Maintence Marketing Distribution 2.00 0.27 1.73 Route charges 4.62 4.07 0.55 Airport handling 14.69 6.22 8.47 Charges Fuel oil 14.42 12.43 1.99 Others 3.20 1.98 1.22 Total Operating 52.85 34.24 18.61 Expenses Adrian (2009), in the above table shows that Despite the Easyjets fare being 40% higher than Ryanair, the operating profit/passenger of Ryanair is twice more than Easyjet, this is because Ryanair costs are above 35% less than that of Easyjet. According to Pitfield (2008), there are certain costs that are not subjected to be controlled by low-cost airlines such as fuel burn and en-route navigation charges but all other influences on cost per seat can be controlled like maintenance cost could be lower by having same commonality of aircrafts, staff cost by reducing the crew size and handling and administrative costs can be reduced by choice of airports and direct selling of tickets to passengers. Conclusion and Recommendations From the above discussion, I reached to the conclusion that it is unlikely for the Easyjet be affected adversely from the economic downturn in short-run as shown by higher load factor and consistent increase in revenue throughout the past years. However if the company keeps failing to control the direct and indirect costs relating to revenue, which results in decreasing the overall profit margin of the company will lead to a situation where investors will think 100 times before investing in the company. By nature, the low-cost airlines (as the name indicating) achieve the high profit margin by reducing its costs, in fact the survival of such airlines depend on keeping their operational cost low. Following are some measures I will like to recommend to Easyjet that might be able to control the overall operational cost of the company. By increasing the ancillary revenue to offset the cost of income arising in generation of operational revenue The company should review its strate gy of operating only from primary airports; I think Easyjet should consider the use of secondary airports with low bargaining powers. The number of flights should be decreased in off-peak seasons to avoid both employee costs and aircraft operating cost. Keeping the crew size to minimal number and also the company should review the current pay structure of the staff that is looking higher in the industry. The company should adopt a better hedging strategy in order to cope up with the future increase in fuel prices or currency exchange rates. Easy jet should give special attention to minimize the advertise expenses. To achieve the objective of being No.1 airline, Easyjet should minimize its overall operational costs. Note: The main sources of my research that I have carried out to complete this report are the official websites of both the companies as they are the primary source of financial information relating to their businesses.

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It is labeled as the be st four years of anyone who is granted the opportunity to attend any university. It is a time where an individual can decide who they are and what they want to become. While this is an accurate piece of information, it also raises the question, does college promote a rape culture that is seen in society today? Often with sites, such as I’m Shmacked and others, who posts videos of college drinking, presumably of underage students. These sites promote the damagingRead MoreThe Hunting Ground, Directed By Kirby Dick1557 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifically female Penn Staters. Sexual assault is something that is frequently occurs at every university, especially this one. â€Å"At Penn State’s campus alone, since the beginning of the 2012-2013 school year, almost 30 sexual assaults have been reported to local and off-campus police departments† (Thomas par. 2). Penn State University has a rich history that dates all the way back to 1855, but that history has since be en marred by the night life here in State College. Sexual assault is an extremely hot topicRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking And Sexual Assault On College Campuses1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States is a country of freedom. Most of people can find their lives which they want. Especially, the college students can join in some activates and clubs. Their campus lives are always fulfilling. However, there are still some dangers among the campus, and most is from the students themselves. Recent survey estimates provided by Fisher, Cullen, and Turner (2000) revealed that for every 1,000 women attending institutions of higher education, there may well be 35 incidents of rape in aRead MoreA Brief Note On The Common Violent Crime On American College Campuses Today1451 Words   |  6 PagesVictoria Harding October 12, 2014 WRT 205: Unit 2 Essay Clery Act at Work Rape is the most common violent crime on American college campuses today. (Sampson, 2003.) Statistics from the Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network show that â€Å"every two minutes in the United States, someone is raped, and the chances of being that victim are four times greater for a female college student than for any other age group† (Burnett, 2009). In September of 2013, I was drugged and sexually assaulted at a fraternityRead MoreSexual Assault On College Campuses998 Words   |  4 PagesWebster defines sexual assault as an illegal sexual contact that usually involves force upon a person without consent or is inflicted upon a person who is incapable of giving consent or who places the assailant in a position of trust or authority. Most common types of sexual assault are â€Å"acquaintance rape† and â€Å"date rape†, which both take place on college campuses but go unnoticed. There are several incidents that occur on college campuses that students that attend that particular college or university

Organization Behavior Case Study

Questions: 1.What are the Impact of Intergeration Model on overall Behavior and Attitude of existing Employees of XYZ energy 2.Recommended Strategies to Management of Big Energy for dealing with Issues faced by Employees. Answers: Introduction: The scenario depicted in the given case study analyzes the presence of cultural conflict between two groups of employees after the acquisition of XYZ energy by Big Energy. Case study intends to understand the effect of integration model which is employed by Big Energy on vales, behavior and overall attitude of individual as well as group of individual or employees in XYZ energy. After the acquisition of government organization by one of its private competitors, the impact of this restructuring is analyzed on the behavior, personality and employees performance (Aninkan and Oyewole 2014). It is depicted in the given case study that although both the organizations belong to same industry, there is an increased reluctance by management if Big energy in increasing their communication with the existing employees of XYX energy. This lead to conflicts among employees and management of both the groups. Restructuring of XYZ energy by way of acquisition has resulted in failure of acquiring comp any to maintain integrity among the employees and leading to change in attitude and behavior staffs. The given case study has been executed by analyzing the impact of integration model on followed by Big energy on behavior and attitude of staffs of XYZ energy. Later part discusses about recommendation to be provided to Big energy for dealing with the emerging issues identified in the case study. Body: 1.Integration Model Impact on Overall Behavior and Attitude of existing Employees of XYZ energy: Integration model define the process and terms with the help of which the two group of organization forms a single entity at the corporate level. Absorption of XYZ energy by Big energy incorporates synthesizing of former employees into the corporate culture of later organization. There is quite possibility that the acquired culture may be essentially the integrated company culture. In light of establishing unified system by way of acquisition, it is essential that acquired employees should adopt to newer attitude, culture and behavior (Arvinen-Muondo and Perkins 2013). Financial aspects of the organization might be impacted in good sense due to restructuring, the existing employees of XYZ energy might lack sense of importance. Overall impact of acquisition is reflected on the productivity, performance, personal values of employees. This changes from the sense of motivation and optimism to uncertainty and state of resentment. Acquisition of XYZ energy by Big energy has resulted in several adverse impact on the employees performance and behavior. Soon after the absorption of Big Energy, its core management team was removed and functional business members were made redundant. It also intended to remove majority of staffs as early as possible. In regard to this, the morale of employees of XWZ energy fell sharply and frustration arose. This was because Big Energy was more focused on maintaining its competitive position in the market by speeding up the integration rather than focusing on long-term benefits and quality. Implementation of integration model in the business of both the organization lead to increasing redundancies and dwindling of staff members (Awadh and Alyahya 2013). Therefore, the integration model has several impact on the XYZ employees values, behavior and attitude. Impact on values- Status quo of the company is challenged by the integration model, mainly in situation of XYZ employees who are anticipating their uncertainty about future. Initial impact of model has the broad range of uncertainty concerning downgrading their position, losing their jobs and their immediate managers. Every group of Big energy has employees from different culture, attitude, personality, loyalty of work toward organization. Due to the acquisition by Big energy, there is degradation in moral values of employees of XYZ energy. It is clearly evident from the given case study that employees skills are not judged by their skills and security of jobs is not determined by performance factor. Job security of employees is getting hindered resulting in degradation of moral values due to adoption of integration model (Bosman 2014). There is reducing integrity among the employees which is increasing conflicts among them and the resultant impact would be poor performance, decrease d loyalty towards the organization and increasing tendency of being absent from work. Integration of two groups has severe impact on development and growth of employees (Baker and Parkinson 2016). This reflect the lack of management in human relation skills. Prior to acquisition, XYZ Energy used to compete for their work based on merits but after it was acquired by Big energy, the employees were demotivated and lost their motivation. Impact on attitude- Attitude is regarded as the state of mind that is developed through experience or due to prevailing circumstances. Since the core management team and functional members were made redundant after acquisition, existing employees of XYZ felt demotivated and they have the anticipation that they would be struggling to make their existence in the company on merit basis. Attitude related analysis depicts that employees are facing issues due to the combined environment of both the organization, which has resulted in their changed behavior (Heine et al. 2016). Senior management of Big Energy hardly visit remote office to engage with the existing employees of XYZ and newly acquired staffs, which is impacting their attitude. Impact on behavior- Existing employees had changed behavior because of their falling morale. Value of XYZ energy resides in the loyalty of staff members which impacted the growth. However, the integration model has impacted the organization by way of diminishing of growth due to changed employees behavior. Reasons attributable to the frustration of employees was the little effort by senior management of Big energy in looking after employees welfare, quality and long-term benefits. On the other hand, it solely focused on integration process. Many employees were demotivated due to changing attitude toward organization and working conditions. Acquisition was intended to strengthen the ability of group but in the given case, there are some negative impacts leading to changed behavior of employees (Judge and Robbins 2014). 2.Recommended Strategies to Management of Big energy for dealing with Issues faced by Employees: Integration model adopted by Big energy amid acquisition aims at gaining competitive advantage that would help them in reaping profits in long run. Integration rate is the main focus of acquiring organization rather than focusing on long term benefits and quality. Management of Big energy needs to be efficient in addressing value, behavior and attitude of individual. They need to follow behavioral model of organizational efficiency, which makes the assessment about the application of managerial skills and knowledge of people examining behavior of individual. Organization is made by confidence upon the leadership, their value system (Martin 2017). The behavior of existing employees of XYZ energy should be managed by Big energy by way of understanding, controlling, describing and predicting their behavior. Under the authority, the senior management of Big energy should describe individual behavior by recognizing their attitude. Situation of organization should be kept under check by pointing the behavior. When employees are electing to leave the organization and losing enthusiasm, management of Big energy should understand behavior of employees depicting the way employees are behaving. They should accordingly take measures to bring situation under control and stabilize the environment. It is mentioned in the case study that senior management of Big energy rarely visit remote office with existing staff members and new team. Incorporating behavioral model would lead to have frequent interactions of the management with team which would assist them in identifying personality of employees (Muneer 2013). It would help management in spotting prompt employees and imbibing them to generate higher yield by properly channelizing their work. Since the Big energy is not concentrating on quality of work being generated and benefits derived and integration process is their sole motive for gaining competitive advantage. There is a need to break this concentration and they should devote themselves to development process and training their employees. It should be intended to redirect the enthusiasm of employees toward goal of organization. Work environment should be controlled by organization so that it provide proper platform for enabling employees to work them effectively and efficiently contributing to higher benefits and production (Rao 2013). Management of processes and inter dependence is very vital for creating higher job satisfaction among employees and higher productivity. Therefore, it should be ensured by Big energy that morale of employees are always kept high. Managerial sayings and dictums should be used by them. Prior to integration, morale of employees plummeted and they felt demoralized and hopeless about their future. Big energy should portray right behavior and high level of value system should be uphold by organization. Incorporating this feature would help them in building such culture that would be suitable to the current integrated organization. It should seek to bind all employees to such cultural relationship that is mutual. Desired goal of organization is achieved by integrating human resources with other resources, which is the fundamental of management (Somech and Drach-Zahavy 2013). Big energy should not only confine its resources in building up the integration process but it should also make some effort toward developing human resource department for keeping the attrition rates at lower level and keeping employees intact. Decisions should be taken by management of Big energy after understanding the nature of organization. Environment during change should be investigated for employing the model that is best suited for the organization to deliver better results. For integrated organizations, some of the recommended model to be incorporated are as follows: System model- Trust and self-motivation is pedestal of this model and it helps in improving employees performance. This model is suitable in case of restructuring as employees are motivated for accomplish goals of organization and they are obligated to their job (Venkatakrishnan and Perumal 2016). Remaining employees needs to be convinced by management of Big energy that they form an integrated part of organization so that they do not lose their morale. Supportive model- Leadership form the basis of this model. Say, for example, official and managers of Big energy should have encouraged and supported the remaining employees for performing well in their job. Incorporation of this model would help in stimulating performance of employees and delivering better results. Big energy is also recommended to employ McGregor theory of Y as in the given case, employees are self-motivated. At the same time after acquisition, their talent and capabilities seems to be underutilized. It is required by management to build employees potential and help them in achieving their professional goal by aligning with the goals of organization. An atmosphere of encouragement and trust should be created intending to develop employees. This would help in reducing disparity between subordinates and superior by communicating well (Vivek 2016). Autocratic model- This model depicts the roles, power and responsibility of employees who are part of Big energy. It focusses on describing the authority and power of employees already working in organization and for employees who are new to organizations (Wilson 2013). Authorized should be described to new and old employees for minimizing the adverse impact in long-run. Conclusion: From the above discussion and analysis of case study, it is concluded that major challenge faced by Big energy is select the best model and examining its effectiveness suiting to integrated organization. Big energy should work on boosting employees morale for performing them in coordination. Since immediately after acquisition, organization began experiencing lower self-esteem and increasing level of value system should be the first priority of Big energy. Growth of XYZ energy have been supported by motivating employees and after acquisition, organization have been faced with loss of employee retention and motivation. In this regard, it is advised by manager of strategy department to reconsider the integration model and revisit priorities for leveraging competitive advantage and preserving existing and newly acquired key staffs. Recommended models would help in fulfilling needs of employees. Identifies issues is mainly attributable to the difference in culture and business structure of both the organization. The acquired organization is a public company and acquiring organization is private company, although core business structure of both organizations are similar. Mani issues is concerning the human recovers and which is explained by incorporating various organization behavioral model. References: Aninkan, D.O. and Oyewole, A.A., 2014. The influence of individual and organizational factors on employee engagement.Int. J. Dev. Sustain,3, pp.1381-1392. Arvinen-Muondo, R. and Perkins, S.J. eds., 2013.Organizational behaviour. Kogan Page. Ashraf, A.M., 2014.Organizational Behaviour. Regal Publications. Awadh, A.M. and Alyahya, M.S., 2013. Impact of organizational culture on employee performance.International Review of Management and Business Research,2(1), p.168. Baker, M.J. and Parkinson, S.T., 2016.Organizational buying behaviour: purchasing and marketing management implications. Springer. Bosman, J.P., 2014. Organizational behaviour. Heine, I., Beaujean, P. and Schmitt, R., 2016. Conceptual Framework for Analyzing the Fit between Organizational Strategy and Culture.Procedia CIRP,51, pp.79-84. Judge, T.A. and Robbins, S.P., 2014. Essentials of Organizational Behaviour (12e Uppl.). Martin, A., 2017.Organizational Behaviour-Verhalten in Organisationen. Kohlhammer Verlag. Mukhopadhyay, S., 2014. Organizational Behaviour. Muneer, S., 2013. Culture and Organizational Behaviour (Second Printing 2010).South Asian Journal of Management,20(3), p.200. Rao, K.S., 2013. Understanding Organizational Behaviour.Review of HRM,2, p.318. Somech, A. and Drach-Zahavy, A., 2013. Organizational citizenship behaviour and employee's strain: Examining the buffering effects of leader support and participation in decision making.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,22(2), pp.138-149. Venkatakrishnan, C. and Perumal, R., 2016. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR.International Journal of Scientific Research,4(9). Vivek, S.A., 2016. Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on managerial effectiveness.Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management,9(2), pp.7-18. Wilson, F.M., 2013.Organizational behaviour and work: a critical introduction. Oxford University Press.

Predator Prey Lab Report Essay Example

Predator Prey Lab Report Paper An adaptation aids survival by either decreasing a preys chance of being eaten, or y increasing a predators chance of obtaining food to survive and reproduce. Predators must fight for food. They face density-independent factors which are factors that limit resources, but they cannot be controlled; an example would be bad weather or wildfires. Density-dependent factors are things that can be controlled such as the amount of competition in an environment. For example, if a preys traits allow it to run faster, the predator must also have the characteristics to allow it to run fast enough to catch its prey. Many people confuse adoptions with evolution, but they are not the same. Adoptions are changes in an animal that happen in one generation, while evolution occurs over many generations (Modern Biology, 2006). Charles Darwin had a theory that was the opposite of adaptations. Charles Darnings theory of natural selection was basically survival of the fittest. When organisms reproduce and exceed the carrying capacity, the competition in the environment increases. Because of this, some organisms will not survive (Theory of Natural Selection). It was then that Darwin realized those organisms who were most suited for the environment were the ones who will live on and produce (Darnings Theory of Evolution). For example, picture two birds in an environment. One bird has a long beak and the other has a short beak. The bird with the long beak is able to reach into the holes in the ground and eat the seeds, but the other cannot. The bird populations with the long beaks will be able to survive and reproduce while the population of birds with the short beaks will thin out and eventually go extinct (Modern Biology, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Predator Prey Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Predator Prey Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Predator Prey Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Problem: Which predators will be able to survive and reproduce based on their characteristics, adaptations to the environment, density-dependent factors such s competition for food, and density-independent factors such as bad weather or wild fires? Hypothesis: The spoon will be the predator that survives, reproduces, and dominates the population. If there is a competition between predators over a prey, then the spoon will easily be able to use its bowl-like shape to easily scoop up the prey. If the prey is hidden in the grass, then the spoon will be able to slide through the grass and scoop up any prey hiding. Materials: . 300 pieces of corn 2. 300 pieces of black beans 3. 300 pieces of lima beans 4. 100 pieces of pinto beans 5. Plastic forks with one tongue removed (Broken Forks) . Plastic forks 7. Small plastic knives 8. Plastic spoons 9. Tweezers (forceps) 10. A grass field approximately 15 meters square or a carpeted area about the same size. 11. Styrofoam 6-8 oz. Cups 12. Stop watch Procedures: 1. Distribute 100 pieces of corn, lima beans, and black beans onto the field. 2. Divide the class into 5 groups that are as close to equal as possible. . Give each member of one group forks, of another group spoons, of another group broken forks, of another group knives, and the last group forceps. (If there are no forceps available, the lab can be demonstrated with only 4 groups. 4. Every student gets a Styrofoam cup. 5. Instruct the students that they are individual predators with structural variations. The beans and the corn are the prey. The prey must be picked up with the feeding mechanism (forks, knives, spoons, broken forks, and forceps) and placed in the model mouth (cup). No scraping or pushing of the prey in the mouth is allowed the cup may not touch the ground area. The predators may, however, dash in and pick up any prey being pursued by another predator. Do not hesitate to intrude, any hungry natural predator would not. Hunting time will be 5 minutes. When the teacher or the wildfire comes around and touches any of the students, they must step out of the playing area for fifteen seconds. When told to stop, each student will tally up his kills. If a predator is in the process of capturing a prey when told to stop, he must drop it. 6. Repeat this process for each generation and make the proper adjustments required for each. 7. At the end of the lab, share your data with the class and add up the number of prey killed. Observations: In certain parts of the field, the grass was very tall and the prey that were in that area were very difficult to find. Because of this many predators ignored the grassy areas which caused a lot of competition for prey in the other areas of the field. Certain prey such as the corn was easily concealed in the grass because of its small size. However, in the dirt area, the color of the corn really made it stand out. Therefore, the spoon population was able to reproduce while the other populations began to thin out because they were not as well adapted to the environment, and they were not able to reproduce. Their populations decreased steadily and we can infer that they will eventually go extinct. Fig. 5 shows predator consumption. This graph corresponds to the Predator Population graph. In both graphs the spoon population increases while the others decrease steadily. Again, this is because the spoons were well adapted to the environment and they were able to get more food and reproduce. Another reason was the fact that when some predators starved to death or consumed fewer than five preys they became part of the spoon population. This was done to show how populations that cannot get enough food die off, and those who can continue to live and reproduce. It proves the theory of natural selection. Fig. 6 shows the population of prey. In all cases except for the lima beans, the populations increased. This is because the lima beans were the easiest prey to catch and all the redactors went after them in the first generation. Their population immediately decreased at a drastic level. Because of this, no more lima beans were thrown on the field to show they were no longer able to reproduce. However, for the second generation, the black beans and the corn population increased by one- hundred. This is because there were enough of them left to reproduce. In the third generation you see the corn population increase by one-hundred once again. This is because they were able to reproduce again. However, the black bean population did not increase, but a pinto bean population started at one- hundred. This was because the pinto beans were an invasive species and took over the black bean population. This caused the black beans to not be able to reproduce and their population size stayed the same. Conclusion: This lab was done to show how natural selection affects a predator-prey relationship. Only the strong and most adapted species can survive. The hypothesis was correct because the spoon population was the most adapted and over time became the dominate population. The spoon population was best adapted because it was able to easily scoop up and hiding prey and it was able to scoop up the prey easily in a competition. The spoons were the best adapted at capturing prey as well. The knife and broken fork populations went extinct because they were not well adapted to the environment or catching prey. It can also be inferred that all but the spoon population will also go extinct because they are declining steadily. In human examples, men are able to adapt to the heat by air condition and water. They can adapt to the cold by wearing heavy clothing and heaters. There should be funding to continue to save certain species because there are many species that cannot fend for themselves, but they are incredibly important to the environment. Letting natural selection wee out these species could cause great harm to humans and other animal. Reproduction allowed the spoon population to grow and dominate. It also allowed the corn survive and provide food for the predators. In this lab the experimental group was the predator and prey populations decreasing and increasing based on natural selection. The control variables was the area because it was not tested, as well as the time, and the fact that when you died you became part of the spoon population. The independent variables were the changes in population and prey consumption for each generation.

What is motivation Essays

What is motivation Essays What is motivation Essay What is motivation Essay Motivation Is the vehicle that Initiates, guides and sustains goal-oriented behaviors. It Is what causes us to take action, whether to grab some food to diminish hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The substance that lies beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional or cognitive in nature. Motivation is compounded into three areas, the first being things in which prompt the conduct, the second is the gold in the direction of which the conduct was directed, and lastly the motive for changes in the passion of the behavior. Motivation is not something that can be seen or touched directly it is more of a hypothetical state: it is implicated by observable behavior. A study was done utilizing the use of two rats. The rats had a specially constructed cage, in which they pressed a lever to obtain food. They found that the rats did this without being promoted after a while because this behavior was learned. This study Illustrates a form of motivation within the rats. What motivated them was hunger, which presented the need for food. In this case the desires to want food were the rats need. There are three major components to motivation: activation, persistence and intensity. Activation involves the decision to initiate a behavior, such as enrolling in a psychology class. Persistence is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist, such as taking more psychology courses in order to earn a degree although it requires a significant investment of time, energy and resources. Finally, intensity can be seen in the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal. Performable, one student might move effortlessly and smoothly thou much effort, while another student will study daily, engage in discussions and take advantage furthering their studies and their research opportunities outside of the classroom. Motivation is defined as the process that Initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation Is what causes us to act, whether It Is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological. Emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behavior. C. EXERCISE There are two types of self-esteem which have extraordinarily different significances, lobar self-esteem being more applicable to psychological well- being, and specific self-esteem being more applicable to behavior. Our self esteem echoes on how we feel, and what we have confidence in about ourselves. In the academic world self esteem can be global or specific. Global self esteem refers to our general judgment of worth, whereas specific self esteem relates to precise areas of your life. For example, a person can have low self esteem in one area of life yet high self esteem in another. Low self esteem could be categorized as feelings of low self worth and a lack of self-assurance. There may also be a lack of self-belief, possibly negative belief about our observation of self. I sometimes hear people with low self esteem say very negative things about themselves such as: Im needy l use people Im stupid Im selfish If confronted, people will frequently defend their accounts by coming up with excuses and explanations for their comments and behavior. They fight to uphold this instructive view of themselves and will possibly become angry at any proposal that they have any self worth. These same people when presented with a flattering mark are more likely to pay no attention to it or even dispute it . An the other hand, a person with low self esteem wouldnt follow this pattern. On the surface they appear secure and may even give a sense of high self value. These people are sometimes described as egotistical although not always. They are in essence either deliberately or involuntarily faking it. A person with low self esteem constantly lives in fear of being discovered. A great example of this is, my co-heart Miguel, states that he graduated High School at the age 16, yet is only returning to further his education owe at the age of 22. Self esteem for other people stands in a middle position generally the individual feels good about themselves however they may be defenseless to outside events. When things in life go wrong they will experience a plunge in self esteem. The long term impact of that plunge depends on their resilience. The better our self esteem the more resilient we tend to be. It is suitable to be effected by crisis, trauma and disaster. Lack of reaction would suggest the person has a mental imbalance. We can however improve our resilience. V. LEARNING ACTIVITIES C. EXERCISE Ill. Cognitions balance explains how people tend to maintain consistency in patterns of liking and disliking are balanced, the interrelation or arrangements of parts in a complex entity are stable. When they are imbalanced, these mutual or reciprocal relations are unstable and there is pressure to change in the direction that makes them balanced. Festering was a philologist who expanded on the cognitive dissonance theory. Dissonance and consonance are associated among cognitions which are, among opinions, beliefs, awareness of the environment, and awareness of ones own actions and emotions. Two beliefs, or opinions, or objects of knowledge are dissonant with one another if they do not fit together, if they are conflicting, or if, considering only the specific two items, one does not trail the other. For example, a person who is a cigarette smoker may believe that smoking is bad for their health has stance that is dissonant with the knowledge that he is continuing to smoke. He may have many other beliefs, views, or items of understanding that are consonant with maintaining to smoke but the dissonance nonetheless exists too. Dissonance creates discomfort and, likewise, there will stem pressures to diminish or eradicate the dissonance. Efforts to diminish dissonance represent the recognizable manifestations that dissonances exist. Such attempt may take some or all of three forms. The person may try to adjust one or more of the views, beliefs, or behaviors associated with the dissonance; to obtain new information or beliefs that will raise the existing consonance and thus resulting in the total dissonance to be reduced; or decrease the importance of those cognitions that are in a dissonant relationship. Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an adjustment, change, or modification in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance. V. LEARNING ACTIVITY C. EXERCISE II. Extrinsic motivation transpires when we are motivated to execute a behavior or partake in an activity in order to receive a reward or evade a punishment. Examples of behaviors that are outcomes of extrinsic motivation include: Studying so you can attain a good grade Cleaning your room to evade being chastised by your parents Partaking in a Contending i n a contest in hops to win a scholarship Within each of these examples, the behavior is motivated by a yearning to obtain a reward or avoid a negative result. Intrinsic motivation involves partaking in a behavior because it is personally pleasing; in essence, performing an activity for your own sake as opposed to the longing for some external reward. Examples of behaviors that are the outcomes of intrinsic motivation include: Taking part in a sport cause you find the activity enjoyable Solving a word problem because you find the challenge fun and interesting Playing a game because you find it exhilarating In each of these scenarios, the individuals behavior is motivated by an internal longing to take part in an activity for its own sake. So, the crucial distinction between the two types of motivation is that extrinsic motivation occurs from outside of the individual while intrinsic motivation arises from within. V. POST-TEST Achievement refers to an individuals aspiration for momentous accomplishment, asters of skills or high standards. Psychologist David McClellan studied motivation extensively and theorized that individuals have needs that influence their performance. One of these needs is achievement which can be defined as an individuals need to meet realistic goals, receive feedback and experience a sense of accomplishment. For example, workers who strive for achievement will work very well in corporations where they are given regular performance evaluations. They are eager and satisfied with their Jobs because goals are set, they are given constructive r instructive feedback on past behaviors and given some type of rewards if they performed well. This personality trait is characterized by a lasting and steady concern with setting and meeting high standards of achievement. This need is inclined by a internal drive for action (intrinsic motivation), and the demands exerted by the hopes of others (extrinsic motivation). Measured with the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), need for achievement encourages an individual to thrive in competition, and to surpass in activities vital to the individual. Need for achievement s correlated to the toil of tasks people choose to embark on. Individuals with low need for achievement may elect very easy tasks, in order to reduce the risk of failure, or highly difficult tasks, such that a failure would not be embarrassing. Individuals with high need for achievement have a tendency to choose difficult tasks, feeling that they are stimulating, but within reach. Persons high in need for achievement are considered by a propensity to pursue challenges and have a high degree of independence. Their most filling reward is the acknowledgement of their achievements.

Primary Operations IEP Goals for Math

Primary Operations IEP Goals for Math The Common Core State Standards, written for the Council of Chief State School Executives, have been adopted by 47 states. Many states are rolling out curriculum and assessments to align with these standards. Here are IEP goals aligned to the standards for young or severely disabled students. Kindergarten Operations and Algebraic Understanding (KOA) This is the lowest level of mathematical function, but still serves as a foundational basis for understanding operations. According to the Core Common State standards, students should be able to: Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from. KOA1: Students will represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings, sounds (e.g. claps,) acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations. This standard is an effective strategy for teaching students with disabilities to model addition and subtraction, but difficult to write goals for. I will start with 2. KOA2: Students will solve addition and subtraction word problems, and add and subtract within 10, e.g., by using objects or drawings to represent the problem. (Addition) When presented with ten random sets of counters within ten, JOHNNY STUDENT, will solve problems modeled by the teacher with statements such as: Here are three counters. Here are four counters. How many counters altogether? correctly answering 8 out of 10, three out of four consecutive trials.(Subtraction) When presented with ten random sets of counters within ten, JOHNNY STUDENT will solve problems modeled by the teacher using statement, such as, Here are ten counters. I will take these away. How many are left? correctly answering 8 out of 10 (80%), three out of four consecutive trials. KOA3: Students will decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each decomposition by a drawing or equation (e.g., 5 2 3 and 5 4 1). When presented with ten random sets of counters within ten, JOHNNY STUDENT will divide the counters into two sets, placing each on a template with two squares, and writing a math statement for each set, (i.e. 4 4 8) correctly 8 of 10 probes (80%) , three of four consecutive trials. KOA4: For any number from 1 to 9, the student will find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record the answer with a drawing or equation. When presented with a random number on a card from 1 to 9, JOHNNY STUDENT will find the correct number of counters to add to the number to make ten, 8 out of 9 probes, (89%) for three of four consecutive trials. KOA5: Students will fluently add and subtract within 5. When randomly given 10 mixed flash cards with addition problems using numbers 0 through 5, and subtraction problems using numbers 0 through 5, JOHNNY STUDENT will correctly answer 9 of 10 in quick succession, three of four consecutive trials. First Grade Operations and Algebraic Thinking (1OA) Common Core Standards for first grade Operations and Algebraic Thinking from 1 through 4 are excellent for instruction, but Standards 5 and 6 will provide evidence of having mastered operations to 20. 1OA.5: Students will relate counting to addition and subtraction (e.g., by counting on 2 to add 2). This standard aligns well with two common methods for teaching addition and subtraction for students with learning disabilities: Touch Math and number lines. There are goals for each of these methods. For each of these goals, I would recommend the Math Worksheet Sit. You are able to control the range of problems that will be randomly generated at this free site. For Touch Math you can add the touch points after you have generated random addition or subtraction pages. I have also used the addition or subtraction pages that come with the students book for data collection. When given ten (10) addition problems with Touch Points,with addends to 9, JOHNNY STUDENT will write the correct answer, 8 out of 10 problems (80%) for three of four consecutive trials.When given ten (10) subtraction problems with Touch Points, with minuends to 18 and subtrahends to 9, JOHNNY STUDENT will write the correct answer, 8 out of 10 problems (80%) for three of four consecutive trials.When given a numberline to 20 and ten (10) addition problems with addends to 9, JOHNNY STUDENT will write the correct answer, 8 out of 10 problems (80%) for three of four consecutive trials. When given a numberline to 20 and ten (10) addition problems with addends to 9, JOHNNY STUDENT will write the correct answer, 8 out of 10 problems (80%) for three of four consecutive trials. 1OA.6 Add and subtract within 20, demonstrating fluency for addition and subtraction within 10. Use strategies such as counting on; making ten (e.g., 8 6 8 2 4 10 4 14); decomposing a number leading to a ten (e.g., 13 - 4 13 - 3 - 1 10 - 1 9); using the relationship between addition and subtraction (e.g., knowing that 8 4 12, one knows 12 - 8 4); and creating equivalent but easier or known sums (e.g., adding 6 7 by creating the known equivalent 6 6 1 12 1 13). This standard may make a good partner to teaching place value, by helping students find and see the ten in numbers between 11 and 20. I offer only one goal, as this is far more effective as an instructional strategy than a measurable goal. When given a random number of counters between 11 and 19 ten times (probes), JOHNNY STUDENT will regroup the number into a ten and ones, placing them on a work mat with two squares, one labeled ten, the other ones correctly 8 out of 10 probes (80%) in three of four consecutive trials.