Roles of Property Tax

Presentation Property charge, a yearly duty on the genuine property, has been in presence for over three centuries. It is discovered most ordinarily available worth idea. Its base might be the land and structures or simply the land as it were. The qualities and shortcomings of this kind of assessment are notable since it’s basic all around and is a subject of a political discussion (Hoff, 1991).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Roles of Property Tax explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper consequently look to clarify how the pace of investment funds in a less evolved country can be expanded utilizing the property charge. It will likewise feature the jobs that can be ascribed to the property charge in urging the remote speculators to put resources into the country. Moreover, the paper will suggest different highlights of a monetary framework that might be actualized by this country so as to accomplish its financial targets. Jobs allo cated to property burdens As a monetary guide, I would suggest a property charge that is officially and in fact simple to keep up and actualize in all the conditions. The property assessment ought to have the option to point a cost yield proportion of 2% or even less creation it modest to regulate. The property charge executed ought to be secure in that it’s practically difficult to avoid, the assortment achievement rates ought to be at least 95% which is effectively feasible. The straightforwardness of the duty framework ought to be clear in the property expense to guarantee its affectivity (Hoff, 1991). The property duty ought to be in such away that the general population comprehends it since understanding the market esteem idea is simple whether it is a rental worth or capital worth creation its premise of appraisal increasingly valued. The property expense ought to guarantee that there is a superior relationship between's the capacity to pay and the surveyed esteem. The expense should likewise be barely dynamic and consequently should be structured effectively. The property assessments ought to be appropriate like a source to the income of the neighborhood governments produced locally; in any case it ought to be light and unsurprising (Bahl, 1992). Monetarily, I’ll allocate some other significant jobs to the property charges. These include: going about as a significant wellspring of neighborhood incomes; the property charges ought to be utilized as the primary wellspring of incomes produced locally since it is geologically characterized. It might be conceivable to utilize nearby deals charges and neighborhood annual assessments in producing the income for the neighborhood government yet the two have regulatory troubles. Different sources might be rents from the properties possessed by the administration. Be that as it may, property burdens despite everything remain the significant wellspring of income in such zones since it is simpler for th e administration to alter than it is to modify the paces of personal charges (Hyman, 2008).Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As an essential wellspring of income; property expense ought to have the option to assume a crucial job in the independence and decentralization of the neighborhood government. Where there is full neighborhood government decentralization, the ability to freely raise income is consolidated which permits the administration to utilize such assets as they esteem fit: as a help for different capacities; the property duty ought to have the option to be utilized by different bodies and offices in evaluating the worth records appended to properties. A few bodies that may think that its pertinent incorporate seepage sheets, water bodies and power which survey the charges forced on such items (Bahl, 1992). Highlights of financial framework to be execu ted A creating country ready to expand the reserve funds of its residents and the speculations by the outside speculators should actualize positive monetary frameworks that suit its destinations. For this situation, a portion of the highlights of the monetary framework that I as a financial guide would suggest for execution include: A monetary framework that encourages decentralization and gives a reason for nearby independence A framework that guarantees a monetary utilization of the accessible land A financial framework that gives the base of income to a specific capacity specialists A framework that diminishes property and land costs consequently encouraging area access by the open A monetary framework that can be applied to mechanical, business and private properties just as structures and agrarian land situated in the rustic zones (Hoff, 1991). End In outline, Property charge is a yearly assessment on the genuine property. It is discovered most regularly available worth idea. T he land and structures or simply the land just are its significant bases. The qualities and shortcomings of this kind of assessment are notable since it’s basic all inclusive and is a subject of a political discussion. This paper has featured significant jobs of property charge as; the significant wellspring of nearby income, essential source, adding to elements of different bodies and as a valuation list. The paper has along these lines portrayed how the pace of sparing of a less evolved country can be expanded utilizing the property charge. It has likewise featured the jobs doled out to the property charge in urging the remote financial specialists to put resources into the country. In the long run, the paper has suggested the highlights of a financial framework that might be executed by this country so as to accomplish its monetary goals. References Bahl, R. (1992). Urban Public Finance in Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press. Hoff, K. (1991). Presentati on: Agricultural Taxation and Land Rights Systems. The World Bank Economic Review, 5(1): 85-91.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Roles of Property Tax explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hyman, D. N. (2008). Open fund: A contemporary use of hypothesis to strategy (9thâ ed.). Bricklayer OH: South-Western Publishing, Cengage This paper on Roles of Property Tax was composed and put together by client Bowen P. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

How to Conjugate Utiliser (to Use) in French

Step by step instructions to Conjugate Utiliser (to Use) in French In French, the verbâ utiliserâ means to utilize. This is entirely simple to recall since it looks and seems like the English word use. French understudies will be glad to realize that the conjugations are nearly as simple. That is on the grounds that its an ordinary action word, so transformingâ utiliserâ into the French for utilizing or utilized adheres to a typical guideline. This exercise will disclose all that you have to know. The Basic Conjugations of Utiliser French action word conjugations are somewhat of a test since you need to retain another action word for each strained just as each subject pronoun inside that strained. This gives you five additional words to consider, butâ utiliserâ is aâ regular - er action word. It utilizes indistinguishable infinitive endings from most of French action words, making each new one simpler to retain. The characteristic state of mind is the place we locate the fundamental present, future, and blemished past tenses. These ought to be your top need when studyingâ utiliser. Utilizing the stem (or radical)â utilis- and the diagram, coordinate the subject pronoun to the suitable tense to locate the best possible completion. For example, I am utilizing isâ jutiliseâ and we will utilize isâ nous utiliserons. On the off chance that you practice these in setting utilizing short sentences it will assist you with learning them quicker. Luckily,â utiliserâ is such a valuable word, that youll have unlimited chances to utilize it. Present Future Flawed j use utiliserai utilisais tu uses utiliseras utilisais il use utilisera utilisait nous utilisons utiliserons utilisions vous utilisez utiliserez utilisiez ils utilisent utiliseront utilisaient The Present Participle of Utiliser Theâ present participleâ ofâ utiliserâ isâ utilisant. This was made by essentially including - antâ to the action word stem. That is another standard you can remember that works for pretty much every action word finishing off with - er. Utiliserâ in the Compound Past Tense With regards to the past tense, you have the decision between the flawed or a compound known as the passã © composã ©. This one requires a speedy development utilizing the assistant action word avoir and the past participle utilisã ©. While shaping the passã © composã ©, conjugateâ avoirâ into the current state proper to the subject. At that point, append the past participle, which shows the demonstration of utilizing previously occurred. For instance, I utilized isâ jai utilis㠩â and we utilized isâ nous avons utilisã ©. Increasingly Simple Conjugations of Utiliser Among the other valuable and similarly straightforward conjugations ofâ utiliserâ that you may require areâ the subjunctiveâ andâ the contingent. Where the subjunctive inquiries that the move will make place, the restrictive says that its reliant on something different. While it is anything but an ill-conceived notion to include theâ the passã © simpleâ orâ imperfect subjunctiveâ to your jargon, its frequently not a need. These are utilized distinctly once in a while, yet you ought to have the option to at any rate perceive each as a structure ofâ utiliser. Subjunctive Contingent Pass Simple Defective Subjunctive j use utiliserais utilisai utilisasse tu uses utiliserais utilisas utilisasses il use utiliserait utilisa utilist nous utilisions utiliserions utilismes utilisassions vous utilisiez utiliseriez utilistes utilisassiez ils utilisent utiliseraient utilisrent utilisassent The one conjugation that doesn't require the subject pronoun is the objective. For this, you can rearrange your sentence from tu use to use. Basic (tu) use (nous) utilisons (vous) utilisez

New Student Photo Series 2010 Entry #2 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2010 Entry #2 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Submissions continue to roll in for our new student photo series.   If you are an incoming student we encourage you to review this entry for details on how to submit your own photos to display on the blog. The first photos today come from Rahima Bensaid, an incoming MIA student. ___________________________ The first picture was taken in Chinatown, NYC.   These guys were playing bicycle polo, a fast-paced sport thats also really fun to watch. The second picture was taken in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil.   Salvador is the home of Capoeira, and in this picture the older man is teaching the younger one how to play the pandeiro while the couple on the balcony above them watched.   It was a very quiet, cloudy day, and the few of us who were outside were lost in the beautiful sound of the pandeiro. __________________________ The second set of photos was taken by Megan Colnar, an incoming MPA-DP student. __________________________ Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia The salt flats in Bolivia are one of the highest, driest places on earth. Though I went during the rainy season, a few hours later the land was already straining under the hot sun again. Ntarama, Rwanda In previous Hutu-lead killings throughout the 80s and 90s, Tutsis found refuge in churches across Rwanda. In 1994, Tutsis fled to   churches in hopes of finding safety. Instead of deterring the armed   Hutus, the churches acted as the largest centers for massacres in the   country. The remains of over 5,000 men, women and children can be found in the Ntarama Memorial. Rajasthan, India After this, I never complained about my seat assignment on an Indian train again.

The Health Records Of Nurses And Other Health Workers Essay

Socially, recording and reporting are veritable tools on the hands of nurses and other health workers because they show a compilation of well rounded record of their patients’ trip through services and encourages the continuation of care for the patients within and between services. Nurses should be careful, precise, reliable while carrying out this particular duty because any step in wrong direction can bring death, shame, conflict between the doctor or nurse and the clients. They are to be kept secret according to the ethics of nursing regardless of the tool used in recording and reporting. Application in my Current Workplace Nurses in my workplace run a shift, and a particular shift is completed, a verbal report to the succeeding shift is given showing the overall conditions and the therapy the patient had taken so far. Support services give written reports describing the outcomes of diagnostic test. We make use of hospital record or chart which permanently documents the patient’s health records in the hospital. After each clinic visit, information about why the patient sought medical care, diagnostic tests, the physician’s diagnosis and choice of therapy is recorded and whenever the patient come back after discharge from the hospital, it is revisited and used as a basis for diagnosis for medical assessment. Current Related Researches Nwagwu Adanma Solomon, a lecturer at the School of Nursing, Owerri studied the characteristics of a valid recording and reporting. SheShow MoreRelatedAn Electronic Health Record ( Ehr )1160 Words   |  5 Pagesas an Electronic Health Record (EHR). The EHR also includes treatment, physical examination, and investigations. It is sustained and maintained over time by the medical provider and often includes all the key administrative information. 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Medical Assistant Procedure Manual Free Essays

string(50) " are needed to perform the medical assistant job\." Medical Assistant Procedure Manual Project Pamela Estep ENGL205-1203A- Technical Writing and Speaking Phase 5IP Abstract This procedure manual was designed to help the medical assistant if they would have a question or happen to need reassuring about a procedure. It is also to be used as a training tool for new staff and current staff. This manual will list both administrative and clinical duties that are to be performed by the medical assistant. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Assistant Procedure Manual or any similar topic only for you Order Now This manual will also be updated as new duties come about or old duties are taken out. This will be your bible for your job here, and you are to follow this manual to keep down any confusion that can come with your job. But if you would still need a clarification on something that is not list in this manual please feel free to contact myself, and I will answer your question and then this question is a common one we will install it to the manual. As all ways we want you to have a pleasant time here with us so feel free to make any suggestion of ways to improve your job. Master Table of Contents Project Outline (phase 1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Procedure Manual Proposal (phase 1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Procedure Manual Outline (phase 1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Procedure Manual Brochure (phase 2)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7-8 Procedure Manual Checklist (phase 3)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Procedure Manual (phase 3)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10-29 Procedure Manual Quick Referen ce Guide (phase 4)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Procedure Manual Training Session (PowerPoint) (phase 5)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Signature page †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Reference page †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Memo Pamela Estep ENGL205-1203A-03 Phase 1 DB2 Professor: Anderson July 15, 2012 Doctor Markesberry, As part of my most resent assessment you ask me to see why there was so much confusion between the medical assistants. You said you had some patients asking why when a different medical assistant takes care of them they do not do the same things as their regular medical assistant. After watching each of the medical assistant for one week and asking each of them different question about how they perform their job, they each gave me a different answer. After hearing this and what I seen I feel we are in need of a procedure manual. This manual will not let them know what is expected of them but how it is to be performed in this office. With this manual in return all of the medical assistant should perform the same no matter which doctor they are working for. This should also cut down on the confusion with the patients and put then at ease when the medical assistant they are used to taking care of them cannot be there that day. Not only will it comfort the patient it will also cut down on chance of mistakes being made that ould hurt a patient or cost some a life. With this proposal I feel it would be a great benefit for the medical assistant we have now and any new ones in the future. It would give a clear cut of their job definition and job expectation. That would also reduce our liability for mistakes by someone not know what to do or how to do it. The procedure manual I am speaking about would be one that would cover both administ rative and clinical duties. I would break each of these down into two sections with subsection in each sections. There would be an index foe quick access and each would also have a signature page which each medical assistant would have to sign and that would be put in their personal folders. Once again let me state based on what I have seen and been told by each of the medical assistants I feel this is the only way to give them clear cut instructions on what is expected of each of them and how it is to be done. Thank you, Pamela Estep Doctor Markesberry, As stated in my proposal, the following is a copy of the outline in which I plan to use. As this is tentative outline just let me know if you would like to add anything before anything is set in stone. I look forward to your input; I hope this is what you are wanting in way of the procedure manual you had in mine. With that said here is the basic outline of the manual. Medical Assistant Manual Outline I. Introduction What the manual is for and a brief overview of the manual. II. Administrative Duties 1. Scheduling and receiving patients. 2. Preparing and maintaining medical records. 3. Performing basic secretarial skills and medical transcription. 4. Handling telephone calls and writing correspondence. 5. Serving as a liaison between the physician and other individuals. 6. Managing practice finances. III. Clinical Duties 1. Asepsis and infection control. 2. Taking patient histories and vitals. 3. Perform first aid and CPR. 4. Preparing patients for procedures. 5. Assisting the physician with examinations and treatments. 6. Collecting and processing specimens. 7. Performing selected diagnostic tests. 8. Preparing and administering medications as directed by the physician. As you can see I have included both administrative and clinical duties to be performed, there are many medical assistant out there that think you just take care of a patient but they will see it is much more than that. Once again feel free of any changes that you want made. A procedure Manual is a must for any job. It provides valuable information about your job and can answer the most common questions. It does not matter the size of your office a procedure manual is there when you need it to refresh your memory or answer your question. With this manual in place we all will be held accountable for our actions and we will perform as a better team that supports each other. The following is my check list for the Medical Assistant procedure manual. 1) To make sure there is a need for the procedure manual. I will include all the parts that are needed to perform the medical assistant job. You read "Medical Assistant Procedure Manual" in category "Essay examples" I will include the safety risk, and include common legal issues and how to avoid them. 2) I will write a rough draft of this manual and let doctor Markesberry and let the front desk supervisor look it over for any change the need to be made before final draft. 3) I will then have a meeting with the medical assistants and front desk people to go over the manual. At which time I will answer any question about the manual or if there is anything that they would like to see in the manual. ) I will rewrite the manual after I receive the suggestion and answered the question. Once I have done this and send this for approval from upper management. 5) Once I have got the approval I will make a copy for everyone involved and some extra copies for new hires and for people who lose their there will be a master copy which will be kept in the supervisor office. I will then have meeting every two weeks for updates and to go over any problems that might arise. Medical Assistant Procedure Manual for Primary Care Office of Doctor Markesberry Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Administrative duties Scheduling and receiving patients†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Preparing and maintaining medical records†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Performing and Maintaining medical records†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Handling telephone calls and writing correspondence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Serving as a liaison between the physician and other individuals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Managing Practice finances†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Clinical Duties Asepsis and infection control†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Taking patient histories and vitals signs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Performing first aid and CPR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Preparing patients for procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Assisting the physician with examinations and treatments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 Collecting and processing specimens†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Performing selected diagnostic test†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Preparing and administering medications as directed by the physician†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Common QA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Notes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19 Signature page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 Administrative duties Scheduling and receiving patients Upon arrival to the office the patient will stop at the front desk, once there they will sing in and have a sit. After you call the patient up to the desk at that point you will ask the patient name, DOB, address and phone number. Once you have made sure this is the right patient, you will then ask to see their insurance card. When they give you the insurance card you need to verify that it is in effect, after that you collect their copay. Upon arrival this is the process: 1. Pt. sign 2. Call pt. to desk 3. Verify DOB, Address, Phone number 4. Confirm appointment. 5. Ask for insurance card, verify it. 6. Collect copay Scheduling appointment can be making an appointment for a doctor in our office to making an appointment for an outside doctor, test, or lab work. Whichever it is you need to make sure of the same information when receiving a patient. With a couple of exception of the patient sign and collecting their copay. This is the way the process should go: 1. Check the availability date of the appointment. 2. Ask patient if this is a go date and time is right for the patient. 3. Appointment is out our office give them insurance information, DOB, name, and address of the patient. 4. For an outside appointment you will give them the name of the doctor ordering the appointment to be made. 5. Give the patient an appointment card or instruction on where to go the appointment. 6. Then fax all information to the appointment before the patient go’s so they can have a copy. When making the outside appointment always fax the order and patient information to the office the patient is going that way they have a backup copy beside you call and sitting up the appointment. Then put the information in the chart or on the computer so if there is confusion when the patient get there you have the information at hand. Preparing and maintaining medical records When you receive reports, physician notes from outside offices you need to put these in the patient charts. But before you can put them in the charts you need to let the physician know the reports or progress notes have come in. That way if some is abnormal the doctor can call the patient, once the doctor has sign the reports or notes you then need to place them in the charts. If they are still using paper charts you will need to pull the chart and go to the correct section and file the reports. But if you have electronic charts you will need to scan the chart then move the report to the right chart in the right place. Please use the following steps: 1. Sort all the reports and physician notes. 2. Place a received date stamp on them. 3. Then give to the doctor for review. 4. After receiving they back sort them by name and date. 5. Scan them in the charts. 6. After all reports and notes have be scanned in charts and filed shred the documents. 7. Check that all orders have been signed and all doctors’ notes have been signed. At the end of the day or at lunch you need to fill all charts that are done and pull the next patient charts do to come in. This needs to be done every day to keep within the HIPPA and Medicare standards. If the doctor tells you to call a patient and give them their results that is the only time you can do so. You cannot otherwise and never tell the front desk people to do this they are not trained to do this and it is unethical. Performing basic secretarial skills and medical transcription From time to time you may need to transcribe doctor’s dictations. If the patient would need and copy of the visit or if a former employee would need a reference. Then you would type this up and give it the patient. Sometimes the doctor will just tell you to right up something and he will sign it after you typed it. However it is done you must get the physician to sign it before it leaves the office. After it is signed place a copy in the chart or make a copy to have on file in case the patient would need another copy later. Handling telephone calls and writing correspondence When receiving a phone call from a patient you need to get the patient information so you can make sure that you have the right patient pulled up on your computer. Once you have done this then ask the patient how you may help them. After the patient tells you want they need right it down, never just try to keep it in your head. Before you can do whatever the patient called for you might get interrupted and forget what it was or who the patient was. This is very important if the patient that called is not one of your regular patients. If you are calling a patient to tell them of an appoint change or to give them lab or test results never leave the information on the answering machine or with any other person. When you call and you get an answering machine just leave your name and who you are trying to contact and ask them to call you back and leave your number. This also applies to leaving message with someone other than the patient. When writing correspondence to the patient is direct and use word that they can understand. Do not add anything extra; include your name the physician name, phone number and your address. If sending a correspondence to another physician always be professional use approve word and medical terms. At the end of the correspondence type the physician name and have him sign it. As with anything that goes out of the office or comes in the office you need to chart it or it is not done. Before mailing out any correspondence proof read it. Serving as a liaison between the physician and other individuals From time to time you will act as a liaison between your patient and your doctor. Sometime after the patient has seen the doctor they will come out when they are leaving and ask you what did the doctor mean or what did he say. The patient does not always understand the doctor so you knowledge of medical terminology is a must. Because you have to translate the medical meaning to terms that the patient can understand. This is critical because if the patient does not understand what is being told to them they will not know how to take the medication or how to be compliant. But liaison between the patient and the doctor is not the only time you might have to do this. You might have to as a liaison when Drug representative, medical equipment representative or other doctors until the physician is available. This is a very important part of your job because you are the first person they see, you are setting the impression for the office, so always be professional. Managing practice finances This is a vital part of any office, if no money is coming in the office will have to close. With that said you will be responsible for balancing to payment with the number of patient and get the money ready for deposit. You will also have to collect any money due on medication that is picked up at the office if there is a charge. This also goes for any medical devise or equipment that is given to the patient that is a charge for. So for all money that is being deposit to the office account you need a deposit slip. You will fill out the date, amount of cash in bill and coins. Then you list all checks one at a time on a separate line; put the last name from the check and the amount of the check. Once this is done you add all the cash and the checks and write the total at the end, you put a copy in with the money that goes to the bank and you keep the other for your books. Clinical Duties Asepsis and infection control After each patient you are to clean and sterilize all instruments, you are to wipe down all the patient come into contact with in the room after each patient. You are to wear gloves when handling any body fluids or cleaning any open wound. You are to change the trash after any patient that has a procedure done or after any dressing changes. If giving a female examine you need to change the trash if speculums are put in the trash. All of this kind of trash is to be put in the biohazard trash bag not a regular one. When cleaning the room after patient you need to make sure to clean the bed, counter tops, chairs, and any other instrument. This way you do not spread infection. At the end of the day you need to check all your room to make sure they are clean and sterilized, and stock for the next day. If you have a patient coming in for an appointment who might have the flu you need to give that patient a mask when they arrive so while they are sitting in the waiting room they do not spread anything to the other patients. If the patient has the chicken pox bring them back as soon as they get to the office do not let them wait in the waiting room. After you see them clean and sterilize the room so you are not exposing another patient to the virus. If helping with a procedure wear a gown and gloves if necessary wear a facemask or shield. You were taught universal precaution make sure you use then not only for the patients but for you and your family. Taking patient histories and vital signs Taking patient history you need to be very through this can give you clues to what might be going on with your patient. It all so let you know will they are at risk of getting in the future. You need to ask about their parents, brothers and sisters, grandparents. You need to ask about child hood illness, past surgical history, any know drug allergy, any food allergy, any medication they are taking and they need to bring their bottles. This all plays a very important part in patient care. When taken vital signs you need to do the following: 1. B/P 2. Pulse 3. Respirations 4. Height 5. Weight 6. Temperature 7. Pulse ox. When you check you patients vital you must touch the patient so to can tell how their skin feels, if their pulse is regular if you never touch your patient you will miss thing that can hinder the patient treatment. Performing first aid and CPR When performing first aid always wear gloves, clean stabilize and dress the wound. Never move the patient until the physician tells you to. Check for shock. Keep the patient warm and conformable. Give oxygen when needed; never remove any object with the doctor telling you too. When you are giving CPR you need to check if the patient is conscious, check respiration, and then check for a pulse if there is none provide CPR. Once you start CPR you cannot stop it until you are told to or the patient is breathing and has a pulse of their own. These things are a must to know you must keep all CPR certification valid. After you perform any these thing clean and sterilize everything that is reusable and through away everything else. Clean the room and put everything back in order. When calling in a patient after having to perform something like this reassure the next patient and go about you task at hand. Do not give the next patient any information about what has happened who the patient was or how there are doing. Preparing patient for procedures When you have a patient coming in for a procedure, try to keep the patient clam. Reassure the patient tell them what is going to happen and when it is going to happen. Answer any question they have, if you don’t know the answer tell them the doctor will be more than happy to answer their question. You will need to do vital signs on the patient at the beginning of the procedure and after. You might have to during if the procedure is going to be long or the patient is going to be put out. Once this has been done ask about known drug allergy you need to chart all of this. Then you get the entire instrument ready you get any dressing that might be needed, any local anesthesia ready. You help the patient get ready, by undressing or any preparation that need to be done before the procedure. Try to keep thing light between you and the patient this helps them relax. Once the procedure is done help them get dressed or help them get cleaned up. Give them all the instructions and anything that they might need until they come back to see you. Ask them if they need help getting home or going to their car. Assisting the physician with examination and treatments When helping the physician with the examination tells the patient so they do not get nervous. Tell them what you are doing. Assist the doctor any way possible with his examination be professional. If you are to hold down n a part of the body tell the patient what you are doing any why. Any thing you can do to easy the process helps the patient and the physician. Keep any exposed areas covered until the doctor is ready to examine that area. After the examination ask the patient if they need help getting dressed and if not step out the room until they are done. Once they are done go back and check on them and make sure the y are alright. Ask them if they have any question for the doctor or for you. When the doctor is done and give you the discharge information go over it with the patient. Collecting and processing specimens When collecting specimens always wear gloves, tell the patient what kind of specimen you need. Tell the patient how you are going to collect the specimen. Clean the area before collecting the specimen. If it is a UA tell the patient how to do the specimen and how much you need and were to leave the specimen when they are done. If collecting blood makes sure you draw it in the right tube. Get everything you need before you go into the room were the patient is. Let the patient know what you are going to do and how you are going to do it. Get everything you need laid out and ready within hand distant. Clean the area and draw your specimen after you get what you need make sure the patient is fine and put a bandage on the site. Take the specimen in the lab area and spin any tubes that need to be spun and label them after you draw them. When you are done with all this you put them in a lab bag to go an outside department. Keep any specimen cold or frozen until it is time to send them out then put them in cold pack for the lab to pick up. Performing selected diagnostic tests When performing test such as EKG’s you need to let the patient know what you are going to do how you are going to do it and why you are doing this test. Help the patient get ready and have them lie back on the table, let all male patient that you might have to shave their chest if there is a lot of hair because the patches will not stick. After you help the patient onto the table and get ready place the patches on their chest, leg and arm. Connect the leads to the patient and connect the machine. Once you have this done tell the patient to hold still and preform the test. After you are done unhook the leads and remove the patches, help the patient off the table and help them get dresses. Then give the EKG report to the doctor so he can tell the patient what it said and how to treat them. As with any thing you use from patient to patient use need to clean all the leads. If the ask you to perform a pulse ox test you let the patient know what you need them to do and then you record the information and let the doctor know what the reading was. The physician will then tell the patient any and all results. Preparing and administering medications as directed by the physician When the physician tells you to give the patient medication write down the amount, dose, how to be given. If the medication is an injection, make sure you have the right size needle, right amount of medication and were it is the go such as arm or hip. After you get your medication ready go to the room and ask the patient if the doctor told them they were going to get an injection or medication. If they say yes ask them if they are allergic to any medication. Tell the patient were you are going to give the injection and let them know when you are done. Tell the patient to wait for about five minutes to make sure there is no reaction to the shot. If the medication is a pill or liquid ask the patient if the doctor told them they were going to get medication before they leave if they say yes then ask the patient if they have and allergy to the medication. After you give then the medication tell them to wait until they are told they can leave. Make sure you chart what the medication was, where you gave it, how you gave it, and why you gave it. Also chart if there was any reaction to the medication. Quick Reference Guide 1) Scheduling and receiving patient Check the patient in, update all patient information, verify insurance and collect copay. ) Preparing and maintaining medical records Sort all records by name and date, check that are sign and scan into chart. 3) Perform basic secretarial skill and medical transcription. Transcribe all notes, and put them in the chart after they were signing the doctor. 4) Handling telephone calls and writing correspondence. Write all telephone messages down, list patient name, DOB, address and phone number on the message. When writing correspondences list the patient or doctor name to which it is going to and have the doctor sign the correspondence and place a copy in the chart. ) Serving as a liaison between the physician and other individuals. Talk to the patient or other individuals in a professional matter. Speak in a tone they can understand. Let the doctor know what you have said and to whom. 6) Managing practice finances. Total the money you receive, fill out deposit slip and deposit money. Clinical Duties 1) Asepsis and infection control. Always maintain asepsis field, clean all areas, and wear the proper PPI. 2) Taking patient histories and vitals. Ask the patient about their past history and family history. Check all vital signs and chart them. ) Performing first aid and CPR. Use serial dressings for all first aid dressing. Don’t remove any objects without doctor knowing. Use PPI. Check your ABC make sure they are absent before doing CPR. Don’t st op until the doctor tells you too. 4) Preparing patients for procedures. Check vitals, get all instruments needed, dressing, help patient undress if needed, and drape area exposed. 5) Assisting the physician with examinations and treatments. Keep the patient calm, help hold patient when needed assistant any way needed. 6) Collecting and processing specimens. Be papered; get all supply that is needed. Tell patient what you are doing and why, be calm and the patient will be calm. Process all specimens as needed to preserve them for transportation. 7) Performing selected diagnostic tests. Tell patient what you are going to do. Be quick performing test, give to physician and help patient get dressed if needed. 8) Preparing and administering medications as directed by the physician. Ask the patient if they knew about the medication, check the dose, the amount, route, and were. Ask if they have any allergy to the medication. Be quick and easy as possible. Tell patient to wait until they are told they can leave after medication is giving. Common QA 1) What if the patient states they have insurance but their spouse has the card what do you do? You would let the patient you need a copy of their insurance card and they can have someone bring it in for this appointment or they can pay the base rate of $25 and when they bring in there card we will credit the money back to them if it’s less than the base copay. 2) What if a teenage child comes in for an appointment and they did not bring their parents? You can’t not treat the patient, without written permission or the parent being there. 3) What if the patient would call in to request a refill on their pain medication? They cannot get a refill on pain medication without being seen by the doctor. 4) What if you think your patient is being abused? Talk to the doctor before he goes into the room and tell him what you think, if he agrees or if he does not agrees but you have seen this patient in the office before with the same kind of injuries you need to report this to you manager, and they will report it to the authorities. ) Can I go home and finish my charting tomorrow? No if you have not charted it is not done, plus you might forget what you done and what the patient name was. Notes Signature page I have been given a copy of the Medical Assistant procedure manual. I have received procedure manual training. References http://www. caahep. org http://smallbusiness. chron. com/write-standard-operations-procedures-manual Http:// www. ehow. com/how-8124308-manage-medical-assistants Procedure Manual Training Session (power point) How to cite Medical Assistant Procedure Manual, Essay examples

Integrated Business Experience

Question: Discuss about the Integrated Business Experience. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to evaluate the international business environment in which an organization conducts business. In this report, international business strategy of UBER has been evaluated. The country selected for this report is Singapore (Uber.com. 2016). UBER technologies Inc is an American transport Network Company operating business in global market. The company develops mobile application that allows the consumers to book a trip through their Smartphone. On the other hand, Uber drivers accept the trip requires and complete the process. In between, Uber charges a certain percentage of commission from the drivers. Now, in order to conduct business in international market, the company needs to understand cultural aspects of the target countries. Apart from that, corporate social responsibilities help the company to maintain business sustainability. In this report, competitive strategies of the company have been evaluated. Cultural and management behavior Singapore is a mixed cultural combination of Asian and European people. People in this country believe in togetherness. The means the degree of individualism of hofstedes cultural dimension is low. Moreover, politeness among people is very high in this country. Finally, the long-term orientation dimension of the country is very high (Williams, Mummalaneni and Erramilli 2015). It means, people support long-term investment rather than short-term benefit. In such cultural environment, Uber has shows their ability to satisfy needs of the consumers and the drivers so efficiently. As people over there are polite and trust worthy, the company has implemented an effective product design (Nishinaka, Umemoto and Kohda 2015). Moreover, the product design considers the cultural diversity of the country. Uber has segmented consumers in order to deliver satisfactory service to each customer. On the other hand, the company has established a transparent communication with the driver partners in orde r to make the process easier. The company has given high opportunity to the drivers in Singapore market. The aim of the company is to build healthy relation with the driver partners in order to provide quality service to the consumers (Lee 2016). The company has adopted motivational strategies for the drivers according to their cultural aspects. For example, Uber provides high remuneration in order to satisfy their long-term need. Similarly, several policies have been implemented in order to maintain the service quality. Global Corporate Social Responsibility In Singapore market, Uber is performing social activities in order to maintain business sustainability. Since the company is operating in transport sector, the company is providing free service to the physically disabled people. Through this activity, the company is successfully attracting the stakeholders (Lutz and Keindorf 2016). The aim of the company is to help the physically disabled people with their daily activities. Therefore, they can easily travel anywhere and anytime they want. Apart from that, the company makes sure that all the governmental legislations are complied (Gnther and Steinke 2016). Moreover, Uber promotes good practice for the drivers in order to avoid road accident. Through this activity, government of Singapore allows the company to conduct long-term business. When it comes to the global corporate social responsibilities, Uber needs to include some to their business plan. The company is operating over 300 countries. However, no every country is being facilit ated by this kind of activities. For example, among the developing countries of Asia pacific, the company does not have such activities. The company promotes good practices among the driver partners in order to make sure that none of their drivers is associated with any unethical practices (Kraus et al. 2016). For example, Uber educate their drivers to go beyond the service area in especial cases. The riders will be able to get a ride even if they want to travel outside of the city. However, this service only available for emergency cases. During the daytime, the drivers will only go beyond the service area based on humanity. Uber does not have any specific regulations for the same. Competitive Advantages In Singapore, Easy Taxi and Grab Taxi are the competitors of Uber. In order to gain competitive advantages in this market, the company has segmented the services into different part (Riasi 2015). For example, Uber BLACK is a premium service, which can change travel experience of the consumers. This service comes with a high pricing strategy. However, the company has introduced low price service packages to attract different group of consumers. The strategies for dominating the competitors are efficient in nature. The company is providing referral bonus to the drivers and consumers both. Apart from that, free first ride is another strategy of the company to gain competitive advantage. The company also provides promotional offers in order to gain competitive advantages. The company is implementing this strategy for both drivers and the customers. In case of drivers, Uber provides lucrative offers and high paying packages. On the other hand, the company provides special discount to the consumers. The company further ensures high quality service to the consumers. In order to provide the same, Uber educate the drivers to take less pick up time. Apart from that, Uber allows consumers to leave feedback about their ride experience in order to improve service quality (Barney and Hesterly 2015). These activities of Uber make the company different from the competitors and therefore, gaining competitive advantages become easy for the company. Conclusion While concluding, it can be said that Uber is a multinational organization conducting business in global market. The strategies undertaken by the company are effective o retain new and existing customers from the competitive market. The cultural aspect of Singapore shows that people are very much focused in long-term investment. Therefore, the company has successfully implemented strategies in order to attract driver partners. On the other hand, the company has satisfied the cultural demands of the consumers by introducing several service packages. When it comes to the corporate social responsibilities, the company is providing free service to the physically handicapped people in Singapore. This report shows that the company is focused to provide efficient promotional offers in order to gain competitive advantages. The promotional offers provided by Uber are designed to satisfy the cultural people of Singapore. This report further emphasizes the importance of corporate social respons ibilities in international business environment. Reference list Barney, B. and Hesterly, W.S., 2015.Strategic Management and Competitive Advantages. Pearson Gnther, E. and Steinke, K.H. 2016.CSR und Controlling: Unternehmerische Verantwortung als Gestaltungsaufgabe des Controlling. Springer-Verlag Kraus, P., Britzelmaier, B., Moore, N. and Stokes, P., 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility in mittelstndischen Unternehmen: Eine synoptische Betrachtung. InCSR und Energiewirtschaft(pp. 273-293). Springer Berlin Heidelberg Lee, R. 2016.Commerce and culture: nineteenth-century business elites. Routledge Lutz, R. and Keindorf, C., 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility bei der Deutschen Bahn AG. InCSR und Controlling(pp. 169-181). Springer Berlin Heidelberg Nishinaka, M., Umemoto, K. and Kohda, Y., 2015. Emergence of common tacit knowledge in an international IT project: A case study between Japan and Singapore.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,8(3), pp.533-551 Riasi, A., 2015. Competitive advantages of shadow banking industry: An analysis using Porter diamond model.Business Management and Strategy,6(2), pp.15-27 Uber.com. 2016. Drive or Ride with Uber Singapore. Available at: https://www.uber.com/cities/singapore/ [Accessed on: 23 Jul. 2016]. Williams, J.D., Mummalaneni, V. and Erramilli, M.K., 2015. An Innovative Classroom Approach to Analyzing the Role of Culture on Business Relationships using the Global View International Business Simulation. InProceedings of the 1997 World Marketing Congress(pp. 130-132). Springer International Publishing

Scarlet Letter free essay sample

Short Answer 1. Anne Bradstreet uses birds as a metaphor for her children. She goes on to say, â€Å"Four Cocks were there, and Hens the rest. † This means that four were boys and the others were girls. She also says, â€Å"Till at the last they felt their wing, Mounted the Trees and learned to sing. † This meant that the children eventually grew up and went on to conquer the challenge of adult hood. 2. The destinies of the eight children were: (1) The first one left to see the world. (2) The second one found a husband and left home with him. 3) The third one also found a mate and lives where the Aurora first appears (maybe a beach or some type of coast). (4) The fourth one went off to â€Å"The Academy†. (5) The fifth is spending some time away from his mother trying to find his independence. (6, 7, and 8) The last three are still with their mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarlet Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. The tone is somewhat sad because she misses her first five children. She says, â€Å"If birds could weep, then would my tears†¦Ã¢â‚¬  showing that she has a sense of sorrow towards her children leaving. She goes on to say, â€Å"Farewell, my birds, farewell, adieu, I happy am, if well with you. This line shows that even through her pain, she is slowly learning to let go. 4. She wishes that they tell their children about how much they love her. 5. Bradstreet states, â€Å"And fore she once would let you fly,  She shewd you joy and misery,  Taught what was good, and what was ill,  What would save life, and what would kill. Thus gone, amongst you I may live,  And dead, yet speak and counsel give. Farewell, my birds, farewell, adieu,  I happy am, if well with you. † She basically said that before they left home there was â€Å"joy and misery† and they were taught right from wrong. She also said that they were taught how to live and what to do to avoid death. Lastly, she says that if they are happy, then she is happy as well. Part II: Creative Writing The Extra Weight Hester Prynne is a lion, Majestic, with her coat as golden as the gates in Heaven But because of the extra weight of the Scarlet Letter, She has been made lame. Her reputation as one of the beautiful in all the pride, Has been tarnished because of the Extra Weight. When brought on trial before the King Leo, All of the Pride roared and spat their rudeness, All in hopes to bring her down. The King began to explain her punishment, â€Å"Even though your mate’s whereabouts are unknown, That’s no excuse to commit a heavy sin. The usual punishment would be death, But because I know this not be of your character, I have something instead in mind. For the sake of your soon-to-be cub Pearl, I sentence you to Extra Weight. Carry this ‘A’ upon your breast, For everyone to know the sins you have committed. † For now the Majestic lion has carried the weight, and the weight has become as light as a feather. And though everyone has forgotten her sins, The weight of the ‘A’ will always be remembered. Fin. Scarlet Letter free essay sample In the extraordinary novel The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a very unusual main character named Pearl. At the beginning of the novel, she is just an innocent infant who is abhorred by all the townspeople because of the sin her mother, Hester Prynne, committed before Pearl was born. In this novel, Pearl is a static character and living symbol of sin. In the beginning, the reader is introduced to Pearl as the infant â€Å"whose innocent life had sprung a lovely and immortal flower, out of the rank and luxurious of a guilty passion† (59). Hawthorne describes Pearl as an impeccant infant who is brought to the world without knowing she is a symbol of sin. â€Å"God, as a direct consequence of the sin had given her [Hester Prynne] a lovely child† (59). Pearl is Hester’s living representation of the exquisite scarlet letter that Hester has to wear on her bosom for the sin she committed. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarlet Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pearl is a gift sent to Hester from God, but Pearl was not sent with the normal qualities kids generally contain. â€Å"Hester could not help questioning at such moments whether Pearl was a human child† (61). Pearl surprises her mother with all the aberrant actions she does at the beginning of the novel. At the governor’s hall Pearl is introduced to Governor Bellingham. Bellingham asks Pearl who made her and she replies that she was not made at all but plucked off the bush of wild roses. This answer astonishes the governor and even Hester because the real answer is that she was created by God. The governor is concerned Pearl is not learning what a child must know at her age. As she gets a few years older, Pearl shows no development as a character. She is still a peculiar little girl. â€Å"Pearl was a born outcast of the infantile world† (62). Children give Pearl dirty looks and talk about her constantly. The kids know the story of Pearl and choose not to play with her. Pearl did not seem to mind; she stood up for herself when the kids wanted to pick on her. Most children at a very young age get scared and distressed, but Pearl is the complete opposite. She is not use to meeting new people or socializing with anyone either. Pearl is a ceaseless reminder of Hester’s sin which was committed with Arthur Dimmesdale. Pearl points constantly at her mother’s letter frequently which makes Hester keep remembering she has done wrong. It is almost as if Pearl is a tool created to torture Hester for what she has done. In chapter twelve, Hester and Pearl are walking home from a governor’s funeral and they see Dimmesdale standing on the scaffold. They slowly approach and Dimmesdale tells them to stand with him and they do. â€Å"’Wilt thou stand here with mother and me, to-morrow noontide? ’ inquired Pearl† (102). Strange as it may seem, Pear has been starting to make connections with Hester and Dimmesdale. This makes Pearl to be a very curious little one because most kids would have never made any assumption between those two adults. She knows Dimmesdale has to be standing on the scaffold for a certain reason which she seems to capture. Scarlet Letter free essay sample The Scarlet Letter There are many forms to degrade a person, some are deep wounds that can leave an imprint forever, and some go through one ear and out the other. There have been many occasions where ones life is played upon, where the only solution is death. But there are two of those imprints I want to focus on; revenge and hatred and how these two abhorrent features can destroy a person physically and spiritually. Revenge is defined as to inflict punishment in return for injury or insult. In Nathaniel Hawthornes novel, The Scarlet Letter, we find that two characters exemplify this theme. Roger Chillingworth and Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale have an extensive conflict that portrays an example for us. The clergymans shy and sensitive reserve had balked this scheme. Roger Chillingworth, however, was inclined to be hardly, if at all, less satisfied with the aspects of affairs, which Providence- using the avenger and his victim for its own purposes, and, perchance, pardoning where it seemed most to punish- had substituted for is black devices. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarlet Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this quote from the book, it states that Roger Chillingworth, being the doctor of Dimmesdale, will use his medications against him. Chillingworth suspects of Dimmesdale committing a great sin that involves his wife Hester Prynne. Calm, gentle, passionless, as he appeared, there was yet, we fear, a quiet depth of malice, hitherto latent, but active now, in this unfortunate old man, which led him to imagine a more intimate revenge than any mortal had even wreaked upon an enemy. To make himself the one trusted friend, to whom should be confided all the fear, the remorse, the agony, the ineffectual repentance, the backward rush of sinful thoughts, expelled in vain! Chillingworth is taking advantage of being Dimmesdale so called friend, so he gets him to confess this reat sin that he is being suspected upon. He will be asking questions that will provoke Dimmesdale or rather make him think in such a way that he will express it physically. The reason why Dimmesdale seems to be sick is because of the secret sin he keeps inside, its destroying him. Making him weak, pale, rather old, and putting him in a position where he believes that medicine will cure it. Dimmesdale being the preacher of the town will have a great spiritual agony that will haunt him through this life and the next, making this the spiritual sickness that will not leave unless he confesses. And the cause of this all would be Chillingworth. Hatred can destroy victim or attacker, being an intense dislike, extreme aversion or hostility. All of these aspects, Chillingworth was putting upon Dimmesdale, slowly making him pay for the sin. In a word, old Roger Chillingworth was a striking evidence of a mans faculty of transforming himself into a devil, if he will only, for a reasonable space of time, undertake a devils office. He was going through stages of hatred that transformed him into something that he didnt foresee. Chillingworth was turning into a devil within a blink of an eye. Hester said to Chillingworth while talking to him about Dimmesdale, Since that day, no man is so near him as you. You tread behind his every footstep. You are beside him, sleeping and waking. You search his thoughts. You burrow and rankle in his heart! Your clutch is on his life, and you cause him to Chillingworth is like a dark shadow haunting Dimmesdale every mille-second of the day, and Dimmesdale not knowing what Chillingworths real intensions are. In this case, hatred was destroying both Chillingworth and Dimmesdale, one turning into a devil and the other being tortured and pressured. With this I come to a conclusion that revenge, hatred, and a person, dont mix well. Just like oil and water. Think about having the conscience follow you throughout your life, that with a simple act of these implements you completely destroyed a person into pieces. It degrades him or her, self-esteem drops down to a low level, but most importantly you can put that person into a place where death is the only answer to escape. A rattlesnake, if cornered will become so angry it will bite itself. That is exactly what the harboring of hate and resentment against others is a biting of oneself. We think we are harming others in holding these spites and hates, but the deeper harm is to ourselves. †E. Stanley Jones

Maggi Essay Example

Maggi Essay Example Maggi Essay Maggi Essay Behavioral: Magi has segmented its market on the basis of product usage rate, its occasional usage characteristic, willingness of the buyer to purchase and the product benefits they sought. Cryptographic: Segmentation of market by Magi has been done also keeping in mind the lifestyle of urban families, office-goers, working women, health consciousness of people and childrens need for taste and fun. Targeting: Initially Magi targeted the children and working class women . Later it extended its reach to the young college students, professionals. Now it has also represented itself as a food product for all age groups and hence including the old age. Positioning: In the beginning Magi positioned itself as a convenience product for mothers and fun product for children. Keeping in mind that people are becoming more and more health-conscious it has become a health product as well. Magi stands strongly in instant food market. Marketing Mix Product: Magi is a nestle brand of instant food products right from instant noodles, ketchups, sauces, cubes, seasonings etc. It was introduced in India in 1982. Some of he major products of Magi are: Magi 2-minute Noodles, Vegetable data noodles, Magi Sauces, Magi Miasmal, and Magi Soups. Price: Understanding that Magi is a snack and only some would be willing to pay more, it has priced its products accordingly. Also to extend its reach in the rural market Magi has introduced value for money packs priced at RSI 5. Place: Magi as brand has a wide reach across the market, be it a small retail shops on the streets to the big ones like Big bazaar. Its distribution network is also well spread. Promotion: The promotion strategy initially regarded working women and children with attractive ads and tastiness such as Mummy book Alga Hahn Bas 2-minute. It has always focused its promotional strategy around family. Over the years it has tried to connect to its target consumers by inviting experiences and innovative recipes, Magi Viceroy campaign, various exchange scheme, return gifts, coupons and free promotional trial packs. It has also tried to attract its potential consumers by attractive packaging. Competitions: Initially Magi was the sole choice in the instant food category . UT later when Magi was acing problems due to change in taste, Top Ramee cashed on the opportunity and emerged as a strong competitor. Presently Magi is also facing competition from new entrants like Horrific Foodless, Nor Soupy noodles, Sunniest Yippee noodle, Tasty Treat and several other smaller players. SOOT Analysis Strengths: Maggie is market leader in the instant food category, especially instant connect with them. It has a strong distribution network and high advertising share Weakness: Throughout the years flavors have remained the same and any new innovation in taste has not been welcomes by consumers.

In the Hospitality Industry Job Satisfaction Is Critical to Service Research Paper

In the Hospitality Industry Job Satisfaction Is Critical to Service Efficiency - Research Paper Example Societal norms are changing where loyalty is no more considered an important criterion (Gustafson, 2002). Managers are faced with the challenge to retain current employees and position themselves in a way to attract talent. The situation is challenging because the staff is unskilled and untrained. If the organization invests in their training, employees switch to better-paying jobs and this translates into fresh recruitment and training costs. Without training, the employees do not find the work meaningful and hence results in poor job satisfaction and low organizational commitment. Job redesigning, better communication between the staff and the managers, a stable work environment, sense of belonging, recognition, flexible working hours, mentorship, groups tasks, shorter working hours and compensation programs can help to increase the level of job satisfaction and increase organizational commitment. Locke (1976) has defined job satisfaction as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experience (cited by Lee, 2000). Job satisfaction is directly related to motivation, role clarity and organizational commitment. Organizational commitment relates to an attachment to the organization while job satisfaction is concerned with the task environment where the employee performs his duties. An extensive study conducted by Woods and Macaulay in 1989 to try and determine the reasons for high turnover in the hospitality industry revealed eight frequently cited reasons – quality of supervision, ineffective communication, working conditions, quality of co-workers, inability to ‘fit’ with the organizational culture, low pay and few benefits, lack of clear definition of responsibilities, no direction at work (cited by Gustafson).

Strategic Management - Integrative and Analytical Tools Assignment

Strategic Management - Integrative and Analytical Tools - Assignment Example This is to ensure customers satisfaction is achieved while the profitability of the company remains sustainable throughout its operations. In order to effectively analyze the new markets, several tools and techniques will be employed so get a comprehensive market picture. These tools include the SWOT Analysis and PEST Analysis. A SWOT analysis is a universal tool used for assessing the internal position and capability of a company in relation to the prevailing market environment. SWOT is an acronym for the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats facing a company. The internal advantages of the company are analyzed and the vulnerable points are analyzed. This can be presented in a matrix form as shown below (Figure 1). The scrutiny of the strengths as well as the weaknesses will focus on the four internal areas of the company including the financials of the company, marketing capability, manufacturing and the organizational structure. The threats and opportunities will however seek to look at the environmental factors such as the markets economic situation, social factors and technological advancements. The value of a SWOT analysis is the ability of the results to determine the value of the company as stated by Neubert (2013). This will therefore assist in maximizing the strengths identified while minimizing the weaknesses to take gain of the opportunities accessible and conquer any looming threats to the business. The major benefits of using SWOT for analysis is the fact that it is simple to use and it requires minimal costs and training. PESTLE Analysis is used solely for analyzing the external factors that might affect a strategic business move. It is an acronym for Political, Economical, Social, Legal and Ecological factors that might affect a strategic move. The analysis of these factors therefore enables a business to formulate the best strategy of approaching global markets

Personal Pronouns in Academic Writing

Personal Pronouns in Academic Writing Introduction This paper review on the works of previous studies regarding the usage of personal pronouns in research articles (RA). The review will look at the usage of personal pronouns in written corpora in different aspects; first looking at the use of personal pronouns as a whole in the world of academic writing and the differences in usage of personal pronouns among the native speakers of English and of those who uses English as a second language. In recent study, there has been an interest in investigating voice-related issues in the study of student writing (Zhao Llosa, 2008). McCrostie (n.d.) claims on the lack of research done to investigate the use of voice in non-native academic writing and fewer still, had been done on the studies below advanced level. Gender has also been mentioned as an area of study that has slowly gained attention in the study of second language research. Though this had been said, gender receives lack attention in the study of discourse; though many have claim of its importance as a mean and goal of language instruction. Thus, based on the issues above, the objective of this study is to investigate the usage of personal pronouns by male and female Malaysian academic writers. According to Nordquist (2010), personal pronouns are defined as nouns that are used to substitute the person or people who are talked about. Literature Review Personal pronouns There has been extensive research on various features of academic writing and one of frequently looked at feature is the usage of personal pronouns in academic writing. Using personal pronouns in academic writing has been related to writers voice and the writers position in the academic world. Hyland (2001) states that the use of impersonality has been proposed by manuals and textbooks as means of demonstrating scholarly persuasion and allowing writers to speak to readers in an unmediated approach (as cited in Martin, n.d). The usage of personal pronouns in scientific writing sees a development from traditional notion towards recognition of this particular writing style. Martin further comments that writers choice is announcing their presence in the academic field is viewed as a strategy that is increasingly used by writers of the international English speaking community in promoting and gaining accreditation on their claims in research. This is also supported by Cherry (1998) claimi ng on the importance of self-representation in academic discourse and Groom (1993) in his analysis of academic writing indicates the importance of writers textual voice and states that writers should clearly state when they are reporting the voice of an author or stating their own expressions and personal point of views (as cited in Martin, n.d.) Kuo (1999) investigated the use of personal pronouns in scientific journal articles and discusses on how writers are able to reveal on their own perception of their position in the academic field as well as other readers. Kuo further comments on how knowledge presented in article journals with the use of personal pronouns poses a great value towards writers as it allows writers to share personal contributions and seek solidarity with readers as well as others involved in the particular discipline. Hyland (2001) as cited in Martin (n.d.) supports this notion in his research articles across eight different disciplines on the attributions of personal pronouns, reporting a high proportion in the usage of personal pronouns in social sciences and humanities. Hyland concluded in his study that the usage of personal pronouns in scientific texts seems to be a valuable rhetorical strategy which allows writers to construct academic credibility and gain a certain degree of confidence and authori ty (as cited in Martin, n.d.). Tang John (1999) in Martin (n.d.) also mentions the importance on the usage of personal pronouns however suggests that both teachers and students should be aware on the real presence of how personal pronouns are used differently and other alternatives that can be opted towards the traditional method in claiming academic position and authority. The Use of Personal Pronouns among Non-native Speakers Martinez (2005) states on how using personal pronouns are not problematic for native, yet may pose as one on non-native speakers of English. Hyland (2000) conducted a study and revealed that non-native speakers uses personal pronouns in non-controversial contributions however avoid them when stating expressions, argumentations or opinions (as cited in Martinez, 2005). In a study conducted by Petch-Tyson (1998 in Martinez, 20005), it was found that non-native speakers use personal pronouns at a rate of two to four times more than native speakers thus concluded that learners overused first and second personal pronouns in their writing. A different study done by Tang and John (1999) on 27 Singaporean university students showed the frequency of personal pronoun usage where first person pronoun occurred 92 times in all 27 essays which indicates a similar role to Hyland (1999, 2000) and Harwood (2005 as cited in Martinez, 2005). Chang and Swales (1999) had also published a study concerning the attitudes of 37 non-native speaker graduate students studying at English universities regarding the use of personal pronouns in academic writing. From the study, it was found that regardless of their proficiency in the language, the students felt uncomfortable in using personal pronouns in academic writing. These graduate students believe that the use of personal pronouns is much more suitable to be used by senior scholars and states that using them makes academic writing more challenging. It was also found that these students rarely uses personal pronouns when giving opinions or stating the origin of a new idea (Chang and Swales, 1999 as cited in McCrostie, n.d.). McCrostie further commented that regardless of amount of studies focused on published writings, few studies had been done on unpublished writing of non-native speakers thus suggesting that there is a need to have more studies to compare unpublished writings among both native and non-native speakers which can also contribute knowledge to the study. Gender and Personal Pronouns As mentioned previously, very few researches have been conducted in the area of discourse with gender functions as a variable. Past researches focused on linguistic differences between gender and its role in the studies related to informal writing, speech and electronic messaging (Yazdani Samar, 2010). Yazdani and Samar (2010) further stated that gender; as an effective tool in writing has not given much focus on its impact or role in the methodology of teaching writing thus, needs to cater to the arising issues academically. A study done by Yazdani and Samar (2010) on Iran writers revealed that female writers use more personal pronouns compared to males. A study conducted by Armagon et al. (n.d.) also revealed similar findings in their research. Methodology This study adopts a quantitative approach. 10 articles were randomly selected where there is equal distribution among gender (5 males and 5 females). The articles were selected from GEMA Online Journal (Jurnal Pendidikan), the Malaysian Journal of ELT Research (MELTA) and The Open Applied Linguistics Journal. All research articles are from the Social Sciences field. The articles were then analyzed via Lex Tutor. The limitation to this study includes no control over the writers race; thus the variable is not used as a factor in the study. Secondly, the authorship of research articles varies where several articles are written by single writers and few collaborative writers in single articles. Third, the research articles vary in terms of length resulting in imbalanced amount of words and personal pronouns that could be affected by it. Finally, the approaches regarding to the research articles were not taken into consideration. Few research articles were found to have a qualitative appr oach thus relying heavily on interviews or written transcripts thus may affect the outcome of the study. Findings and Discussion The findings obtained from the analysis are presented as following: Research articles written by Malaysian males in frequency: Articles Personal Pronouns Singular Personal Pronouns Plural 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd Male 1 (21) it (19) they (2) them Male 2 (13) I (1) me (5) you (44) he (16) him (2) her (3) us (31) we (16) they (6) them Male 3 (26) I (1) you (95) he (15) him (31) it (3) her (7) we (2) us (24) they (11) them Male 4 (4) I (3) she (1) he (1) her (1) him (13) they (11) them Male 5 (41) I (2) me (1) she (10) we (19) they (7) them Total 87 6 234 53 128 Total: Personal Pronouns Singular (327), Personal Pronouns Plural (181) According to the table above, it is found that Malaysian male writers uses more singular personal pronouns compared to plural personal pronouns. Based on results, it is also found that Malaysian academic male writers use more 3rd personal pronouns for both singular and plural categories however the highest frequency among personal pronouns used are 3rd singular personal pronouns with a frequency of 234. Among the personal pronouns used frequently by Malaysian male writers: He HE is very selective towards whom HE directs the venom. (male 2, 2002) In terms of average score, HE is the second highest (male 3, pg. 12) It and the enormous opportunity IT presents to higher education (male 1, pg. 4) engaged in a particular task and how IT will improve their reading skills. (male 3, pg. 2) Him done bad thing to HIM and this made HIM feel bad (male 2, pg. 10) this particular strategy to help HIM comprehend what he is reading. (male 3, pg. 13) They When these students enter university, THEY expect the spoon feeding (male 1, pg. 1) particularly when THEY proceed to tertiary education. (male 3, pg. 2) information elements did THEY instruct learners to find out (male 5, pg. 1) Them , thus prompting THEM to pay more attention to metacognitive reading (male 3, pg. 3) systems of the language that enables THEM to teach effectively. (male 4, pg. 1) Research articles written by Malaysian females in frequency: Articles Personal Pronouns Singular Personal Pronouns Plural 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd Female 1 (1) he (1) she (3) we (10) they (1) them Female 2 (16) I (1) me (20) you (2) he (5) her (4) his (3) she (40) it (3) us (15) we (59) they (14) them Female 3 (2) I (10) they (6) them Female 4 (3) I* (2) we (24) they (15) them Female 5 (19) I (2) me (62) you (1) she (14) he (11) her (3) him (5) we (3) us (25) they (6) them Total 40 82 85 31 170 Total: Personal Pronouns Singular (207), Personal Pronouns Plural (201) Based on the table above, Malaysian female academic writers use more plural personal pronouns in writing their research articles. This finding is similar of their male counterparts. The findings also reveal that Malaysian female academic writers use more 3rd plural personal pronouns in academic writing unlike their male counterparts who uses a higher frequency of 3rd singular personal pronouns. Among the personal pronouns used frequently by Malaysian female writers: You What assumptions do YOU think administrators make about attire (female 2, pg. 6) If YOU have the main point (female 5, pg. 8) They real audience for the language task THEY were working on (female 2, pg. 1) THEY can be changed through the learning process such as by using (female 4, 2) THEY generally respond in predictable ways rather than be critical. (female 5, pg. 4) Them being presented with predetermined language structures and then practicing THEM. (female 2, pg. 2) It also requires THEM to state their name in order to enable (female 5, pg. 7) Usage total of Personal Pronouns by males and females Gender Male Female Personal Pronouns Singular 327 207 Personal Pronouns Plural 181 201 Total 508 408 Overall, the findings indicate that Malaysian male academic writers use more personal pronouns than Malaysian female academic writers. The findings obtained are not in line with previous research that was done by Yazdani and Samar (2010) in relation to non-native English speakers. Conclusion and Recommendations The findings had shed new insight on the use of personal pronouns between male and female Malaysian academic writers. In conclusion, there is no significant difference between the general use of personal pronouns among male and female writers. Both male and female writers were found to use more singular personal pronouns. However, there is a difference in terms of the personal pronouns used between male and female writers. Male writers were found to use higher frequency of 3rd singular personal pronouns whereas the female writers were found to use a higher frequency of 3rd plural personal pronouns. The findings have also revealed that male writers use more personal pronouns compared to female writers in the overall analysis. However, as mentioned previously, the findings of this study may be affected by factors listed in the limitation section as this study is based on a small scale range. Therefore, the findings obtained in this study are still questionable thus several recommendations are proposed for future researches interested in the same area of study which are (a) to focus on research articles under the same area of study and approach; (b) to consider the writers race as a variable and (c) to take into consideration of the length of research articles planning to be used in the study. List of Research Articles: Male Writers Subramaniam, G. (2006). Stickability in Online Autonomous Literature Learning Programmes: Strategies for Sustaining Learner Interest and Motivation. Malaysian Journal of ELT Research. (2). 80-96. Hazidi, H. A. H. (2002). Similar words, Different Meanings: A Natural Semantic Metalanguage Exploration of Cultural Differences. GEMA Online of Language Studies. (2)1. 1-13. Muhammad Kamarul, K., Chew, J., Abdul Rashid, M. (2006). Metacognitive Reading Strategies of Good Malaysian Chinese Learners. Malaysian Journal of ELT Research. (2). 21-41. Munir, S. (2009). Grammatical Awareness among Primary School English Language Teachers. GEMA Online of Language Studies. 9(1). 35-46. Lim, J. M. H. (2009). Rhetorical Categories and Linguistic Mechanisms in Describing Research Conditions: A Comparative Genre-Based Investigation into Researchers Choices in Education and Applied Linguistics. The Open Applied Linguistics Journal. 2. 67-85. List of Research Articles: Female Writers Ainol, M. Z. Noor Lide, A. K. (2006). Classical and Rasch Analyses Of Dichotomously Scored Reading Comprehension Test Items. Malaysian Journal of ELT Research. (2). 1-20. Mardziah, H. A. Tan, B. H. (2008). Wired Together: Collaborative Problem-Based Language Learning In an Online Forum. Malaysian Journal of ELT Research. (4). 54-71. Nor Shidrah, M. D., Nuraihan, M. D. Noor Lide, A. K. (2005). Second Language Writing Anxiety: Cause or Effect? Malaysian Journal of ELT Research. 1-19. Siti Norliana, G. (2008). Learner Background and their Attitudes towards Studying Literature. Malaysian Journal of ELT Research. (4). 1-17. Tan, K. E. (2006). Writing English Essays within Dominant Discourses in Malaysian Schools. GEMA Online of Language Studies. 21. 23-45.

Reading Autobiography Essay

Although I do not have many vivid memories of my childhood the few things I do recall from my early years mostly seem to focus around school and my academics and interactions with children my own age. It is nearly impossible to pinpoint when exactly it was that I began to read but it must have been somewhere around the end of kindergarten and the beginning of first grade. I didn’t attend preschool so up until kindergarten my primary interaction with others was in my first language, Spanish. I can recall learning the alphabet and the sounds of all letters and I started to make out certain words like ‘see’ and ‘my’. The most influential person in the process of acquiring the skills I needed to read must have been an instructional assistant, Mr. Torres who would help me and other bilingual students regularly in the classroom. Of course the instruction by my teacher set the basis for my learning but the one on one help that he provided helped me make connections to my learning in Spanish and that made me feel very comfortable. The first books I began to read must have been simple stories that I came to memorize. Stories like The Gingerbread Man or Brown Bear that had repetitive lines were probably how I started to make connections with words, sounds and pronunciation of those words and sounds. Learning to read made me feel empowered and I remember wanting to read â€Å"big kids† books once I felt I was capable. Among my favorite types of books were scary chapter books like the series of Goosebumps as well as biographies of famous athletes. Among my least favorite must have been nonfiction and folktale because they never really managed to pull me in and I was always very skeptical about such fantasy. Unfortunately, this thrive to read did not last very long because I started to drift away from the constant practice of reading around the fifth grade and started seeing it more as an obligation rather than a choice. As a whole the literacy environment in my household was actually a very positive one and ever since I can recall my mom has always been a big reader and has many books and magazines throughout the house. All of her reading though was done in Spanish when I was growing up because as I was learning how to read my mom was learning the English language. My dad on the other hand has never been a big reader. Actually I can’t recall a time when I have seen him sit down and read something simply for leisure. I also had an older sister who was just a grade ahead of me in school and she has always been a bit of a bookworm and was constantly going through different books as we grew up. Even with all these things I think the language barrier influenced my detachment from reading. In my household we rarely spoke English, maybe if my mom and dad knew the language or were more comfortable with it they might have pushed me to read more or took the time to sit down and read to me. Come to think of it my mom would read to me but she would do it in Spanish and it was a bit boring for me. She would read common stories that I had already heard like the three little pigs or something of that sort and all I would gain out of this was amusement because the way things translated to me was funny. My mom did take us to the city Library and I remember going to story time or to some sort of show based on books. I remember seeing a magician and also petting a snake. As for having materials to read and write, there was always plenty throughout my house. My mom kept a full stock of pencil and paper as well as of books it was just a matter of me doing the actual work. She constantly asked me to explain to her what I was reading or writing for school but I always seemed to find a way to not spend too much time with it because all I wanted to do was play with the neighborhood kids or run off to soccer practice. In school the literacy environment was very positive as well and I remember how much time and dedication the faculty would place on reading and the development of reading skills. I can’t remember who formally taught me how to read but it must have been either Mrs. Diamond or Miss Falgot my first and second grade teachers, because by third grade I remember being able to read fluently. They used several different types of methods but I remember being read to very often by Miss Falgot. I do recall being placed in groups and having partners whom you read to and vice versa. I believe both Mrs. Diamond and Miss Falgot were key role players in my acquisition of reading skills and although I don’t recall specifics they did their job because by third grade I was at the top of my class. I do remember a particular case that had a bit of a negative effect on me in terms of reading. I remember being in either fourth or fifth grade reading as a class and the teacher called on me to read a paragraph. I don’t remember what I was thinking but I was not listening and wasn’t even on the right page, once I located it I got nervous and couldn’t even read. Luckily the teacher called on someone else but I felt horrible. As a class throughout elementary I remember visiting the library and running to the sport books section. The Library was so calm and always cool and I remembering going in there on hot summer days to get away and read a good book. The librarian I remember was always very sweet and she was very patient with all the students. As for literacy events the only thing that is clear in my mind is the book fairs that occurred maybe twice or three times a year. They were very fun and I remember they made even the boring books seem interesting. They set up all kinds of posters and it was something that I always looked forward to. As an adult I began to pick up old habits especially after I came into college. I can’t say I read a lot but I do find time to fit in a book every once in a while. I am still a big fan of autobiographies and I have recently developed a liking for books in Spanish. I usually read on the weekends when I am well rested and have slept in. I also like to go to parks and sit in the shade and enjoy a good book or story or even an interesting article. I think reading is very important and not only to help us expand our vocabulary or help us academically but when you read a good book you get a chance to escape your everyday and it gives you an insight into a story or a character in the way a TV or radio cannot. It captivates you and manages to get all of your attention but at the same time relaxes you. I think reading is something that should be taught to students but not just in order to help them academically but educators should also focus on showing the importance of literature in our lives and the positive way it influences our lives down the road something the media of today cannot manage to do. Writing equally should be not only taught for the purpose of education but in a way those students value it and continue to practice it even without a teacher pushing them to do so.